四川产紫堇属四新种

Af finis C. hemsleyanae Franch. et Prain, sed caulibus scapiformibus, flori-lus flavis, majoribus, petalo antico basi saccato facile differt.Herba caespitosa circ. 30 cm longa. Rhizoma circ. 5-10 mm longum, 10 mm crassum, radicibus fibrosis, numerosis, fasciculatis. Caulis 1 usque numerosus, scapiformis, simplex, efoliolatus, interdum basi unifoliatus. Folia basalia numerosa, circ. 20 cm longa, petiolis circ. 15 cm longis basi marginato-expansis, plus minu-sve carnosulis, in sicco purpureo-brunneis, laminis circ. 5 cm longis 5-6 cm latis viridibus, subtus glaucescentibus, biternatis, pinnis brevipetiolulatis, pinnulis sessilibus vel subsessilibus, 2.5-3.5 cm longis, 2 - 3 cm latis bitripartitis, segmentis lanccolatis, saepe trilobatis.     

桔黄赛多孢菌胞外胰蛋白酶的酶学特性

桔黄赛多孢菌Scedosporium aurantiacum是慢性肺病患者的常见呼吸道定植菌,在免疫缺陷人群中可引起侵袭性感染,致死率高,但由于致病机理不明,目前仍然缺乏有效的防控手段。我们在前期研究中,通过差异蛋白组学及酶工程技术发现分泌胰蛋白酶是桔黄赛多孢菌的潜在毒力因子,目前对这种蛋白酶的遗传信息、结构及致病机制并不清楚。本研究用Superdex S-200分子筛和DEAE-Sepharose离子交换两种填料将这种蛋白酶分离纯化出来,通过酶谱验证了纯化效果。进一步研究发现,这种胰蛋白酶对bFSR、bLSTR和bEKK 3种底物的水解性能最佳,对zFR和bzLR的水解性能最差。酶解最快的反应所对应的K_m为6.09μmol/L,V_max为13.01μmol/L/s,K_cat为23.65/s;酶解最慢的反应所对应的K_m为29.94μmol/L,V_max为11.35μmol/L/s,K_cat为20.63/s。研究结果对于填补赛多孢菌毒力因子研究的空白、针对毒力因子开发新型的抗真菌药物和治疗方法都具有重要意义。     

草果种植对植物多样性的影响

从林下植物物种数、株数、乔木盖度、多样性指数等方面,对种植草果的天然林片断与未种植草果的天然林地的植物进行调查与比较分析,结果发现:(1)不同草果种植时间乔灌木层的盖度在20.0%～50.0%之间变动;(2)随着种植时间的延长,乔灌层植物株数明显下降,乔灌层物种数趋向单一,主要保留旱冬瓜作为草果的遮荫树种;(3)天然林的草本层物种数为13种,草果种植到80年后草本层物种数只有8种;草本层株数在草果种植5年后在48～285株间的波动,远低于种植初期;(4)乔灌层Shannon-Wiener指数在草果种植30年降低到0,但草本层Simpson指数在种植草果半年至一年期间多样性指数较低为0.2266～0.33990。虽然5年后稳定在0.4351～0.8062,但普遍低于天然林(0.7681)。为了维持天然林的可持续性和稳定性,建议草果栽培在人工林下进行。     

Acute effects of Amomum villosum Lour. fruit extract on postprandial glycemia and insulin secretion: A single-blind,placebo-controlled,crossover study in healthy subjects

BackgroundAmomum villosum Lour., (Zingiberaceae) an herbaceous plant in the ginger family, has been used to treat various diseases. In a single-blind, randomized, crossover study, we assessed the postprandial blood insulin and blood glucose responses in healthy subjects (n = 40) after the Amomum villosum water extract (AVE) (5 g/person) or a placebo (5 g/person) consumption.MethodsDuring each treatment course, the healthy subject consumed a regular late afternoon meal, followed by fasting for 12 h, and arrived at the clinical study center the next morning. Blood insulin and blood glucose levels were assessed at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after AVE consumption. Between each treatment, the subjects accomplished one week of a washout period.ResultsThe AVE intake demonstrated a significant (67.26%) decline in postprandial blood glucose AUC_{0–120 min} (incremental area under the curve from 0 to 120 min) versus the placebo (P = 0.011). Furthermore, AVE reduced postprandial blood insulin AUC_{0–120 min} by 59.95% compared to the placebo group (P < 0.003), supporting the blood glucose results.ConclusionThis study revealed that AVE consumption significantly reduced postprandial insulin and glucose levels in healthy individuals, due in part to inhibition of α-glucosidase, and glucose transport.     

Streamlining 'search and destroy': cost-effective surveillance for invasive species management

Invasive species surveillance has typically been targeted to where the species is most likely to occur. However, spatially varying environmental characteristics and land uses may affect more than just the probability of occurrence. Biodiversity or economic value, and the ease of detection and control are also likely to vary. We incorporate these factors into a detection and treatment model of a low-density invader to determine the surveillance strategy that minimizes expected management costs. Sites with a high probability of invader occurrence and great benefits associated with detection warrant intensive surveillance; however, the optimum investment is a nonlinear function of these factors. Environments where the invader is relatively easy to detect are prioritized for surveillance, although only a moderate investment is necessary to ensure a high probability of detection. Intensive surveillance effort may be allocated to other sites if the probability of occurrence, budget and/or expected benefits is sufficiently high.     

西双版纳勐养自然保护区砂仁类型的初步研究

通过西双版纳自然保护区勐养保护区栽培砂仁和野生缩砂密的实地调查 ,比较了二者的形态特征 ,以及考证了植物分类学上缩砂密是砂仁变种的确立过程后认为 :缩砂密是我国云南南部地区、广西、广东及毗邻国家山地广泛分布的野生类型 ,其个体之间的差异明显 ,表现出多态性 .砂仁集中栽培于广东西南部 ,尽管个体之间也有差异 ,但其变异范围包含在缩砂密的变异范围内 ,是从缩砂密中选育出来的栽培类型 .二者之间的差异属于种群内的多型性 .缩砂密种群内丰富多样性为各地选育株系奠定了基础 .     

砂仁生产对西双版纳自然保护区的影响

调查研究表明 ,西双版纳砂仁种植主要在沟谷季节性雨林林下 ,它造成局部雨林垂直结构层次简单化 ,使中层乔木部分树种和几乎全部下层乔木、灌木和草本植物种类流失 .种植砂仁只能在试验区内一般地段进行 ,严格保护核心区 .在试验区确定保护植物相对集中的敏感地段和村民共同管理 ,在核心区最适宜发展砂仁的沟谷地段重点巡护有利于提高保护区的管理水平 .砂仁高产与环境保护关系密切 ,有利于提高当地村民参与自然保护的自觉性 .     

云南盈江县不同产地草果氨基酸和矿质营养元素分析

用氨基酸自动分析仪、等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP法)等方法测定云南盈江县三个草果Amomum tsaoko主产乡的草果氨基酸、矿质营养元素等成分。结果显示,不同产地草果中氨基酸和矿质营养元素含量有明显差异。盈江县各地的草果氨基酸含量均比文山产草果低,其中苏典乡劈石村的2号样品(海拔1540 m,土壤pH 6.58)氨基酸含量与文山样品最为接近;微量营养元素总含量则相反,盈江县产草果均高于文山样品。     

西双版纳热带雨林下砂仁拔除后的生态恢复研究

种植砂仁 (Amomumvillosum)对西双版纳热带雨林植物多样性的影响引起了人们的关注。通过西双版纳热带雨林下种植的砂仁拔除后的生态恢复两年的研究工作 ,结果表明砂仁排除后 :1 )林下植物数量显著增加 ,超过同等类型的没种过砂仁的原始热带雨林 ;植物种类、物种多样性和均匀度都有大幅度增加 ,与原始热带雨林差别不大 ;群落组成成分仍向着热带雨林演替 ,优势种不明显 ,其中 ,草本和蕨类植物增加显著 ;2 )林下植物生长速率在旱季与原始林差别不大 ,但在雨季可有较快生长 ;生物量在两年内可达到 (636 .1± 43 .4)g·m- 2 ,超过原始林 ,特别是草本和蕨类植物生长较快 ;3)土壤含水量得到提高 ,与原始林相比差异不显著 ,并且 ,涵养水源的能力有所增加 ;深层土壤有机质的含量增加显著 ,速效磷含量需要更长时间的植被恢复才能有所提高 ,速效钾受淋洗作用的影响 ,地表有大量损失。文中最后讨论指出 ,热带林下砂仁实现斑块式的轮歇种植是协调保护与发展的较好方法 ,这在偏远少数民族地区有着较好的可行性。     

Biotransformation of prednisolone to hydroxy derivatives by Penicillium aurantiacum

Prednisolone, a synthetic adrenal corticosteroid drug, is known to have anti-inflammatory and autoimmune activity. Biotransformation of prednisolone was carried out to obtain more bioactive prednisolone derivatives. Among six different fungi, Penicillium aurantiacum proved to be the best prednisolone hydroxylator. As a result of prednisolone biotransformation by P. aurantiacum, whole cells four different prednisolone derivatives were investigated. 20β-Hydroxyprednisolone (1) and 21,21-dimethoxy-11β-hydroxypregn-1,4-dien-3,20-dione (2) were detected as the main metabolites. These metabolites together with other two metabolites, 11β-hydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (3) and 11β,17β-dihydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3- one (4), were purified and assigned by an interpretation of their spectral data using mass spectroscopy (MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) analyses. The best fermentation conditions for production of compounds 1–4 were as follows: medium (3) consisting of (g/l): glucose 20; l-asparagine 0.7; MgSO₄.7H₂O 0.5; KH₂PO₄ 1.52; KCl 0.52; Cu (NO₃)₂ traces; ZnSO₄.7H₂O traces, supplemented with prednisolone concentration of 0.3?mg/ml, inoculated by 10% of microorganism and incubated for 72?h. Under these optimized conditions, ～94.8% of the added prednisolone was converted to aforementioned derivatives, which have the potential to be used in industrial production of important pharmaceutical compounds.