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Hiroyasu Koyama Katsura Kogure Kenji Mori Masanao Matsui 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(4):915-920
Antimycinone A3, which is a neutral fragment of mild alkaline hydrolysate of antimycin A3, and its stereoisomers were synthesized stereoselectively from methyl trans-2-n-butylpent-3-enoate or methyl cis-2-n-butylpent-3-enoate, and natural antimycinone A3 was proved to possess Hα-Hβ and Hβ-Hγ trans configuration. 相似文献
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An early investigation at the Biosphere-2 Laboratory, an artificial ecosystem in the Arizona desert, had shown that the flavonoid content of cacti grown in glass-filtered solar light was lower than of cacti grown in normal solar light. This was attributed to the absence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which is required for flavonoid biosynthesis. In this study, two species of Opuntia cacti were grown in solar and UV-depleted light, and their flavonol contents of different tissues were determined by HPLC. O. wilcoxii, previously raised in the absence of UV light, was exposed to normal solar light. The flavonol content of young O. wilcoxii pads was 28-fold higher when grown in solar light as compared to UV-depleted light. The flavonol contents of mature outer tissues were only slightly higher. O. violacea, previously raised in solar light, was also maintained in the same UV-depleted artificial ecosystem. The flavonol content after hydrolysis of outer tissues was similar, whether grown in solar light or UV-depleted light. We attribute these responses to different biosynthetic and metabolic rates of young vs. mature plant tissues; slow-growing mature tissues neither produce nor metabolize compounds as quickly as immature tissues. These findings indicate that artificial ecosystems can influence the production of natural products in cultivated plants. 相似文献
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RICLEF GROLLE MAY LING SO 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2003,142(2):229-235
Riccia fruticulosa O.F.Müll., 1782 from Norway is a valid name, referring to Riccardia palmata (Hedw.) Carruth. In 1785 Dickson misidentified British plants of a blue Metzgeria as R. fruticulosa . The European blue species of Metzgeria is conspecific with M. violacea (Ach.) Dumort., which replaces M. fruticulosa auct. The true origin of the type of Jungermannia violacea Ach., 1805 is probably Tierra del Fuego (rather than Dusky Bay, New Zealand), where the species is widespread. Reports from Australasia, Asia and Africa are all erroneous. The blue colour of Jungermanniales is found only in living plants and is derived from the oil-bodies. In contrast, that of Metzgeria appears only after death; its biological function is unknown. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 142 , 229−235. 相似文献
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The anther smut fungus Microbotryum violaceum is a pollinator-transmitted plant disease. As for other vector-borne diseases, frequency-dependent transmission patterns
are predicted, in contrast to the density-dependent transmission of passively spread diseases. Frequency dependence will,
however, only arise if vectors compensate for varying plant spacings. To test this assumption, we set up experimental populations
of the host plant, Silene latifolia, with varying disease density (number of diseased plants per plot) and frequency (proportion of plants diseased), and three
different plant spacings. We measured spore deposition on healthy flowers in these plots on two dates. Spore deposition decreased
considerably from the first to the second census, perhaps related to the concomitant decrease in inflorescence sizes of diseased
plants. At our first census, spore deposition rates varied with disease frequency, and the effect of frequency depended on
plant spacing. While spore deposition was positively frequency dependent at the 1.5-m inter-plant spacing, no effect of disease
frequency was found at a spacings of 0.5 m or 3 m. Nor was there an effect of disease density on spore deposition at the first
census. At the later census, on the other hand, spore deposition increased almost significantly with increasing disease density
(P = 0.08). This difference in deposition pattern together with a significant decrease in spore receipt indicates changes in
pollinator spectrum and/or activity. The correlation of spore numbers among flowers within plants, an indication for intra-plant
moves by vectors, was significant at 0.5 m and 1.5 m but not at 3 m. Floral traits and sex of individual plants influenced
the number of spores they received. On the first census date, spore deposition increased with increasing inflorescence size
in female but not in male plants. On the second census date, neither sex nor number of open flowers had an effect on spore
receipt. None of the experimental plants became infected, however, probably because of the unusually hot and dry weather.
Received: 14 May 1998 / Accepted: 19 November 1998 相似文献
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筛选堇叶紫金牛(Ardisia violacea)野生优株,以其当年新发带休眠腋芽茎段为外植体,通过启动培养、丛生芽诱导增殖、壮苗培养、生根培养和炼苗移栽等过程建立其组培快繁技术体系。研究结果表明,最佳启动培养基为MS+0.80 mg·L~(–1)KT+0.10 mg·L~(–1) NAA+0.10 mg·L~(–1) IBA,腋芽萌发率达92.60%;最佳丛生芽诱导增殖培养基为MS1+0.50 mg·L~(–1) TDZ+0.10mg·L~(–1) NAA,平均增殖系数达8.60;最佳壮苗培养基为MS+1.00 mg·L~(–1) KT+0.50 mg·L~(–1) NAA;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+2.00 mg·L~(–1) IBA+1.00 mg·L~(–1) NAA+1.00 mg·L~(–1) AC,平均生根率达98.70%;采用松鳞和泥炭(2:1,v/v)作为炼苗基质,炼苗成活率可达85.30%。实验成功建立了堇叶紫金牛高效组培快繁技术体系,经验证该体系能够满足规模化生产的需求。 相似文献
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We studied the synthesis and binding of phycoerythrin and its associated linkers to the phycobilisome (PBS) in Rhodella violacea (Kornmann) Wehrmeyer and compared the effects of high light and translation inhibitors on these processes. Rhodella violacea has a simple hemidiscoidal PBS structure with a well-known composition. The number of PBSs per cell decreases when irradiance is increased, and at higher irradiances the rods are shortened with a specific loss of the terminal hexamer of phycoerythrin (PE) and its associated linker. To test whether or not the observed variations were due to a coordination between the expression of the chloroplast-encoded PE and the nuclear-encoded linkers, we inhibited the expression of the chloroplast genes by the translation inhibitor chloramphenicol. In the few PBSs synthesized, the linker associated to the terminal PE hexamer was missing while that associated with the intermediate PE hexamer was still present. The inhibition by cycloheximide of the translation of the nuclear-encoded linkers did not influence the synthesis of the chloroplast-encoded phycobiliproteins. The absence of linkers prevented the formation of PE hexamers and their binding to the PBSs. We therefore propose the existence of two levels of regulation for PE and associated linkers: the intermediate PE hexamer and associated linker are always present even though their amount is reduced when irradiance is increased. In contrast, the terminal hexamer of PE and its associated linker are no longer present under high light. Their absence can be due to a feedback control between the level of PE and the synthesis of the linker: when the level of PE is lowered below a given value by the action of light on the chloroplast, a signal coming from the chloroplast reaches the nucleus and the synthesis of the linker is repressed. There is no sign of nuclear regulation of the synthesis of PE, but the nuclear-encoded linkers have a structural role in the formation of PE hexamers. 相似文献
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Rhodella violacea (Kornmann) Wehrmeyer and Rhodella maculata Evans were investigated for ultrastructural details of vegetative and dividing cells. Rhodella violacea has a nuclear projection into the pyrenoid similar to that found in R. maculata, although the nuclear projection in R. maculata traverses a starch-lined area before contacting the pyrenoid. Unlike most, red algae, the two Rhodella species lack a peripheral encircling thylakoid in the chloroplast and have dictyosomes associated solely with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) instead of with both mitochondria and ER. Both species also have a well-developed peripheral system of ER connected to the plasmalemma by tubules, a situation found only in red algal unicells, Cell division was studied primarily in R. violacea; a less thorough examination of R. maculata showed no essential differences. Both have small, double-ringed, nucleus-associated organ files (NAOs) surrounded by moderately electron-dense material, metaphase–anaphase polar gaps in the nuclear envelope, absence of perinuclear ER. and short interzonal spindles. This pattern of mitosis is similar in most respects to that reported in the unicell Flintiella. Following mitosis, microtubules extend from the region of each NAO to its associated nucleus and to the undivided pyrenoid. The NAOs appear to apply tension to the nuclei and the pyrenoid and may be the mechanism for ensuring equal partitioning of both organdies. Two different forms of pyrenoid-nucleus association occur during mitosis. Nuclear projections into the pyrenoid, prevalent during interphase and early stages of mitosis, recede at metaphase. Then, the pyrenoid extends protrusions into the nuclear polar areas, forming a cup that partially surrounds the nucleus. Cell division and vegetative characters confirm the close taxonomic affinity of these two species of Rhodella and support their separation from the genus Porphyridium. 相似文献
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Johnson LJ Antonovics J Hood ME 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2005,59(12):2525-2532
Intratetrad mating, the fusion of gametes formed in a single meiosis, has unusual consequences for genetic diversity, especially in genome regions linked to mating type loci. Here we investigate the fate of modifier alleles that alter the rate of intratetrad mating, under models of heterozygote advantage and of genetic load resulting from recurrent mutation. In both cases, intratetrad mating is favored if the recombination rate between the selected locus and mating type is less than the frequency of lethal recessive alleles at that locus in the population. Positive feedback often accelerates the invasion of modifiers to the intratetrad mating rate. Recombination rate and intratetrad mating rate exert indirect selection on one another, resulting in a cascading decline in outcrossing, even in the absence of any cost of sex. However, under recurrent mutation, alleles for obligate intratetrad mating invade only very slowly, perhaps explaining why outcrossing can persist at low frequencies in a largely intratetrad mating population. 相似文献