Relationships among genetic distance,forage yield and heterozygosity in isogenic diploid and tetraploid alfalfa populations

Isogenic diploid and tetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was studied with molecular markers to help understand why diploid performance and breeding behavior does not always predict that of tetraploids. In a previous study of partially heterozygous alfalfa genotypes, we detected a low correlation between yields of isogenic diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x) single-cross progenies, and genetic distances were more highly correlated with yields of tetraploids than diploids. These differences may be related to the level of RFLP heterozygosity expected among progenies derived from heterozygous parents at the two ploidy levels. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationships among genetic distance, forage yield and heterozygosity in isogenic 2 x and 4 x alfalfa populations. Four diploid genotypes were chromosome doubled to produce corresponding isogenic autotetraploids, and these genotypes were mated in 4 × 4 diallels to produce 6 single-cross families at each ploidy level for field evaluation. Allele compositions of parents were determined at 33 RFLP loci by monitoring segregation of homologous restriction fragments among individuals within progenies, and these were used to estimate RFLP heterozygosity levels for all single-cross progenies at both ploidy levels. RFLP heterozygosity rankings were identical between progenies of isogenic diploid and tetraploid parents; but significant associations (P < 0.05) between estimated heterozygosity levels and forage yield were detected only at the tetraploid level. Since tetraploid families were nearly 25% more heterozygous than the corresponding diploid families, inconsistencies in the association between molecular marker diversity and forage yields of isogenic 2 x and 4 x single crosses may be due to recessive alleles that are expressed in diploids but masked in tetraploids. The gene action involved in heterosis may be the same at both ploidy levels; however, tetraploids benefit from greater complementary gene interactions than are possible for equivalent diploids. Present address: AgResearch Grasslands, New Zealand Pastoral Agriculture Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand     

抗氧化剂对苜蓿原生质体早期培养的影响

研究发现,分离原生质体的酶解脱壁处理可以诱导苜蓿细胞产生活性氧。培养基中添加抗氧化剂,有助于提高培养原生质体的分裂频率,缓解褐化现象的出现。经紫外照射处理的培养基不利于苜蓿原生质体的生长和分裂,添加抗氧化剂后,紫外辐射所引起的不良效应则被抵消。因而,通过抗氧化剂对活性氧的清除,有助于早期原生质体的培养。     

Role of plant defence in alfalfa during symbiosis

During effective symbiosis, rhizobia colonize their hosts, and avoid plant defence mechanisms. To determine whether the host defence responses can be elicited by the symbiotic bacteria, specific markers involved in incompatible pathogenic interactions are required. The available markers of alfalfa defence mechanisms are described and their use in the study of the symbiotic interaction discussed. As defence-related gene expression in roots is not always related to defence mechanisms, other model systems have been established allowing confirmation of an important role of bacterial surface components in alfalfa-Rhizobium meliloti interactions. Nod factors at high concentrations have been shown to elicit defence-like responses in Medicago cell suspensions and roots. Elicitation of defence mechanisms by high levels of Nod factors in Rhizobium-infected roots may be a part of the mechanism by which nodulation is feed-back regulated.The authors are with the Institut des Sciences Végétales, CNRS, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cédex, France.     

苜蓿胚状体的分离及其发育过程中三种同工酶酶谱分析(简报)

目前,对胚状体发生过程中的生理生化研究表明,这一过程伴随有核酸、蛋白质等大分子物质合成速度的增加及与胚胎发生有关的特异性蛋白的合成;一些同工酶,如过氧化物酶、脂酶、细胞色素氧化酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶     

The fate of ribosomal genes in three interspecific somatic hybrids of Medicago sativa: three different outcomes including the rapid amplification of new spacer-length variants

We have characterized the genetic consequences of somatic hybridization within the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of three interspecific hybrids, each involving M. sativa as one of the parents. Restriction-fragment-length-polymorphisms (RFLPs) of rDNA spacers and fluorescent-in-situ-hybridization (FISH) of an 18S-gene probe to mitotic chromosomes were used to compare parental and hybrid species. The M. sativa-coerulea hybrid retained all six parental nucleolar-organizing regions (NORs) and all parental RFLPs representing a complete integration of rDNA. The M. sativa-arborea hybrid retained five of six parental NORs while losing half of the arborea-specific RFLPs, indicating that simple chromosome loss of one arborea NOR accounted for the RFLP losses. Dramatic alterations occurred within the M. sativa-falcata hybrid where five of six parental NORs were retained and new rDNA RFLPs were created and amplified differentially among somaclonal-variant plants. The molecular basis of the new RFLPs involved increased numbers of a 340-bp subrepeating element within the rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS), suggesting that recurrent cycles of unequal recombination occurred at high frequency within the rDNA in somatic lineages.This paper was supported by the National Research Council of Italy, Special Project RAISA, Sub-project No. 2, Paper No. 1077     

白浆土植物系统营养物质转化机制及其有效性研究Ⅴ.有机物对磷根际有效性的影响

采用根盒试验研究了施用紫花苜蓿腐解物对白浆土小麦根际Ｐ 素形态转化、有效性及小麦植株Ｐ 素吸收的影响．结果表明,施用有机物料使土壤有效磷显著上升,铝磷、铁磷含量也显著升高,且培养时间越长,效果越明显．小麦植株含Ｐ 量明显上升,且与非根际土壤铝磷、铁磷的变化显著相关     

A role for nitrogen reserves in forage regrowth and stress tolerance

Carbohydrate accumulation and utilization during shoot regrowth after defoliation and winter has been studied extensively in most species used as forage. However, recent work suggests that N reserves found in vegetative tissues also are important for defoliation tolerance and winter hardiness. Results suggest that these N reserves constitute an alternative N source used when N₂ fixation and/or mineral N uptake are reduced. ¹⁵N labelling experiments indicate that a large proportion of herbage N is derived from N reserves mobilized from stem bases or roots to developing leaves and shoots. Amino acids and specific proteins (i.e. vegetative storage proteins, VSPs) are deposited in roots and stem bases and, in the case of VSPs, are degraded rapidly after defoliation. Identification and characterization of VSPs will increase our understanding of the role N reserves play in stress tolerance and may lead to innovative approaches for improving forage persistence and productivity.     

苜蓿花叶病毒提纯方法的改进*

用来自于白车根草（Trifolium repens）上的一个苜蓿花叶病毒分离物AMV－SY为材料,比较了3种以差速离心为主结合PEG沉淀和超速离心提纯病毒的方法,对提纯病毒进行紫外吸收测定、电镜检查和SDS－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测的结果显示：以交替使用含有0.1mol/LEDTA和0.1mol/L MgSO4的磷酸缓冲液作为病毒悬浮介质的提纯程度最为理想,该方法提取苜蓿花叶病毒的得率为47.6mg/100g昆诺藜鲜病叶,该病毒分离物的外壳蛋白分子量为29kD。该方法的病毒得率较高、杂蛋白较少、病毒粒子完整,是比较理想的提纯方法。