大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanolenca)显带染色体的研究

大熊猫系我国特产的世界珍稀动物,素有“活化石”和“国宝”之称。限于材料来源,虽有核型的少数报道（邓承宗等,1980;陈文元等,1984;Newnham et al.,1966）,但研究尚不够深入。1980年,Wurster-Hill和Bush首先报道了大熊猫（）的显带核型,并与杂交熊等比较,探讨了大熊猫的分类地位。本文对四只大熊猫的G带、C带核型和Ag-NORs作了分析,绘制了G带核型模式图,并提出了某些商榷的意见。     

大熊猫生殖生物学研究:Ⅱ.大熊猫妊娠期尿中孕酮和绒毛膜促性腺激素样物质含量的变化

本文用放射免疫法测定了四只大熊猫在妊娠期和非妊娠期尿中孕酮和CG样物质含量的变化。结果表明:在大熊猫胚胎着床前,孕酮和CG样物质含量较低;胚胎着床后,二种激素的含量显著上升并达到高峰。雌兽妊娠期尿中孕酮和CG样物质含量的变化规律可为证实大熊猫系延缓着床型动物提供一些理论依据;同时,也为大熊猫的妊娠诊断和预测分娩提供一些参考数据。     

The giant panda is closer to a bear,judged by α- and β-hemoglobin sequences

Summary Using - and -hemoglobin sequences, we made a maximum likelihood inference as to the phylogenetic relationship among carnivores, including the two pandas, giant and lesser. Molecular phylogenetic studies up to 1985 had consistently indicated that the giant panda is more closely related to the bear than to the lesser panda. In 1986, however, a contradictory tree was constructed, using hemoglobins and so on, in which the two pandas link together (Tagle et al. 1986). In contrast to that tree, our conclusion supports the close relationship between bear and giant panda. The surface impression of a close relationship between the two pandas drawn from pairwise amino acid differences is explained by a rapid rate of hemoglobin evolution in the bear compared to that in the two pandas.Offprint requests to: T. Hashimoto     

大熊猫臼齿釉质的超微结构和氨基酸组成

大熊猫臼齿釉质的超微结构特征主要是施氏明暗带的宽度一般由8—15条釉柱组成;釉柱的横切面一般呈六角形或四角形,由里向外,釉柱的直径逐渐增大。在靠近釉牙本质界处,釉柱数量逐渐减少,有时甚至完全缺失,形成无釉柱结构的釉质。大熊猫臼齿釉质的氨基酸组成主要以甘氨酸,丙氨酸,谷氨酸,天冬氨酸和亮氨酸的含量为最高,而蛋氨酸,胱氨酸和酪氨酸的含量为最低。另外,还含有少量的羟脯氨酸。这种组成模式一般与人类和其它哺乳动物牙齿釉质的氨基酸组成相类似。     

Characterizing the spatial distribution of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in fragmented forest landscapes

Aim To examine the effects of forest fragmentation on the distribution of the entire wild giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) population, and to propose a modelling approach for monitoring the spatial distribution and habitat of pandas at the landscape scale using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro‐radiometer (MODIS) enhanced vegetation index (EVI) time‐series data. Location Five mountain ranges in south‐western China (Qinling, Minshan, Qionglai, Xiangling and Liangshan). Methods Giant panda pseudo‐absence data were generated from data on panda occurrences obtained from the third national giant panda survey. To quantify the fragmentation of forests, 26 fragmentation metrics were derived from 16‐day composite MODIS 250‐m EVI multi‐temporal data and eight of these metrics were selected following factor analysis. The differences between panda presence and panda absence were examined by applying significance testing. A forward stepwise logistic regression was then applied to explore the relationship between panda distribution and forest fragmentation. Results Forest patch size, edge density and patch aggregation were found to have significant roles in determining the distribution of pandas. Patches of dense forest occupied by giant pandas were significantly larger, closer together and more contiguous than patches where giant pandas were not recorded. Forest fragmentation is least in the Qinling Mountains, while the Xiangling and Liangshan regions have most fragmentation. Using the selected landscape metrics, the logistic regression model predicted the distribution of giant pandas with an overall accuracy of 72.5% (κ = 0.45). However, when a knowledge‐based control for elevation and slope was applied to the regression, the overall accuracy of the model improved to 77.6% (κ = 0.55). Main conclusions Giant pandas appear sensitive to patch size and isolation effects associated with fragmentation of dense forest, implying that the design of effective conservation areas for wild giant pandas must include large and dense forest patches that are adjacent to other similar patches. The approach developed here is applicable for analysing the spatial distribution of the giant panda from multi‐temporal MODIS 250‐m EVI data and landscape metrics at the landscape scale.     

3种苯并咪唑类药物对大熊猫西氏贝蛔虫的驱虫效果初步观察

西氏贝蛔虫Baylisascaris schroederi是圈养大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca最常见、危害最严重的一种体内寄生虫,采用药物驱虫是目前控制圈养大熊猫蛔虫病的主要措施。为了筛选有效的驱虫药物,本研究观察了3种苯并咪唑类药物(阿苯达唑片剂、芬苯达唑膏剂和甲苯咪唑片剂)对大熊猫蛔虫的驱虫效果,统计了驱虫前后粪检蛔虫卵转阴率及排虫情况。结果表明,除芬苯达唑按5 mg·kg^-1体质量口服,每天1次,连续服用2 d,效果较差外,3种药物按10 mg·kg^-1体质量口服,每天1次,连续服用2 d,用药安全且有较好的驱虫效果。     

野化培训大熊猫幼仔的食性转换

本文以2010—2020年15只母兽带仔野化培训的大熊猫幼仔为研究对象,基于红外视频监控系统观察和音频颈圈解译获得的行为资料、GPS颈圈跟踪定位采集的粪样数据,分析了野化培训大熊猫幼仔的行为发育进程和食性转换特征。结果表明：随着野化培训大熊猫幼仔的生长发育,与觅食和警戒相关的行为得到充分发育,且具有较强的时间关联性,包括食乳、爬行、走动、玩耍物品、爬树、咬玩竹子、饮水和采食竹子等。8～10月龄的大熊猫幼仔开始取食竹子,其发育性食性转换过程划分为3个阶段：食乳期(1～7月龄)、食母乳—食竹子转换期(8～28月龄)和食竹期(29～39月龄),其中转换期细分为关键期(8～18月龄)和过渡期(19～28月龄)。从统计检验来看,不同食性阶段间差异显著;过渡期的大熊猫幼仔可离开母兽独立生活,此阶段大熊猫幼仔食物组分比例与食竹期相比无显著差异。野化培训大熊猫幼仔的季节性食性转换规律与带仔母兽和野生大熊猫具有相似的格局,即春季主要取食竹笋,夏、秋季则以嫩竹茎和竹叶为食,冬季采食竹叶与竹茎。     

大熊猫染色体晚复制带研究

以培养的大熊猫外周血淋巴细胞为实验材料,在细胞培养终止前４ｈ加入ＢｒｄＵ（终浓度为１０μｇ／ｍｌ培养基）,对复制的染色体ＤＮＡ进行ＢｒｄＵ标记。掺入ＢｒｄＵ的染色体经吖啶橙（０．０５％）处理、紫外光照射、Ｇｉｅｍｓａ染色后,可在染色体上获得清晰的复制带纹。根据众多分裂相所显示的不同复制带型,可初步确定大熊猫每一染色体独特的晚复制带纹。在雌性个体的两个Ｘ染色体中,一条Ｘ染色体复制明显落后于另一Ｘ染色体,尤其在迟复制Ｘ染色体长臂近着丝粒区显现出较宽的晚复制带纹。