The nusG gene of Streptomyces griseus: Cloning of the gene and analysis of the A-factor binding properties of the gene product

Abstract The nusG gene of Streptomyces griseus was cloned and the nucleotide sequence determined. It encodes a protein with an identify of 76% to the reported receptor (VbrA) for VB-C, an autoregulatory factor in Streptomyces virginae . NusG protein was expressed in Escherichia coli . However, no binding activity for A-factor, an butyrolactone autoregulator in S. griseus very similar to VB-C, could be detected. The nusG gene of S. griseus does not seem to encode the A-factor-binding protein.     

Metabolism of Isoxathion,O, O-Diethyl O-(5-Phenyl-3-isoxazolyl) phosphorothioate in the Rats

Excretion, distribution and metabolism of the insecticide, Isoxathion, administered orally in male Wistar-strain rats, were investigated with a carbon-14 labeled chemical. During 96 hr, approximately 85% and 14% of the total radioactivity were excreted in the urine and feces. Distribution of isoxathion after oral administration in the rats was investigated by means of whole-body autoradiographic technique and measurement of radioactivity in the tissues. At least eleven radioactive metabolites were detected, four of which were structurally determined. They were 3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazole, 3-(β-d-glucopyranuronosyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole, 5-phenyl-3-isoxazolyl sulfate and hippuric acid.     

Streptomyces genes involved in aerial mycelium formation

Abstract Cloning of genes as suppressors of the aerial mycelium-defective phenotype of Streptomyces griseus HH1 resulting from A-factor-deficiency has led to the identification of several genes, including amfR, amfAlamfB, amfC , and orf1590 . These genes are involved in aerial mycelium formation independent of secondary metabolic function. Among these, AmfR which belongs to the family of response regulators of two-component regulatory systems and AmfA/AmfB similar to ATP-dependent membrane translocators are analogous to the multicomponent phosphorelay and the Spo0K system, respectively, both of which are required for the initiation of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis . Involvement of a protein serine/threonine kinase in aerial mycelium formation is also suggested, because the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) afsK gene encoding a 'eukaryotic'-type protein kinase reverses the aerial mycelium-defective phenotype of strain HH1, independent of secondary metabolic function.     

群感效应与链霉菌次生代谢调控

群感效应是细菌协调群体行为的一种外界信号传递机制,在细菌中普遍存在,参与细胞的多种生理过程。链霉菌中也存在群感效应,在抗生素等次生代谢产物的生物合成中起重要的调控作用;从自诱导信号分子的结构到信号传递机制都存在一定多样性,其中以A-因子为代表的γ-丁酸内酯类信号分子的作用机制研究最为深入。近几年在链霉菌中发现的PI-因子、M-因子以及一些特定的代谢产物则代表几类结构较新颖的信号分子,通过群感效应机制调控次生代谢过程;链霉菌中还发现胆固醇氧化酶、甘油等分子具有信号分子特征,不排除是通过群感效应来参与抗生素生物合成调控。本文主要就参与链霉菌次生代谢调控的几类群感效应系统的研究状况进行综述,重点阐述各类群感信号分子的结构和信号传递机制的不同,并对链霉菌群感效应的研究趋势以及在抗生素高产菌遗传育种中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Studies on the Piscicidal Components of Justicia Hayatai var. decumbens

The structure of justicidin A was deduced on the basis of its spectral evidences and it was confirmed to be identical with diphyllin methyl ether. Three possible structural formulae were proposed for justicidin B, and its structure was determined by the synthese of these compounds.     

A New Regulatory Function of A-Factor: Stimulation of the Germination of Streptomycete Spores

Spore germination in streptomycetes was shown to be stimulated by exogenously added A-factor. Agar medium either containing or not containing A-factor was inoculated with spore suspensions of three strains differing in their ability to produce regulators of the A-factor group: Streptomyces griseus 773, which produces A-factor and two its lower homologs; S. coelicolor A3(2), which forms six Acl-factors (A-factor analogues); and S. avermitilis JCM5070, which fails to form regulators of this group. A count of the grown colonies showed that exogenous A-factor stimulated spore germination in strains that were themselves able to synthesize regulators of the A-factor group. In S. griseus 773, the number of germinated spores increased by 67% on average after the addition of A-factor to the medium in an amount of 10 g/ml. In strain S. coelicolor A3 (2), the number of germinated spores increased by 75% after the addition of 1 g/ml of A-factor. During germination of the S. avermitilis JCM5070 spores, no changes in the CFU number was observed after the addition of A-factor.     

Search for A-factor-Dependent Variants in Actinomycete Populations

A study of 28 nocardia-like, asporogenous, and oligosporous spontaneous morphological variants belonging to 23 species of streptomycetes revealed five strains producing regulators of the A-factor group. Streptomyces griseus 1439, which forms aerial mycelium and spores only in the presence of exogenous A-factor, was used as the test strain. Among the 28 spontaneous variants, three new A-factor-dependent strains were revealed, which represented the species Streptomyces griseus, S. citreofluorescens, and S. viridovulgaris subsp. albomarinus. These weakly differentiated variants did not produce A-factor and behaved as its recipients, responding by changes in their morphological characteristics at a concentration of this regulator in the medium of 0.01 g/ml or higher. The original collection strains in whose populations the variants were selected produced substances of the A-factor group. The A-factor-dependent variants differed in the level of the regulator required for maximal expression of the morphological characteristics: it was necessary to introduce the A-factor at a concentration of 1 g/ml for S. citreofluorescens and S. viridovulgaris subsp. albomarinus and at 10 g/ml for S. griseus.     

A-factor and streptomycin biosynthesis inStreptomyces griseus

Accumulating data have shown that the metabolites with a -butyrolactone ring functions as an autoregulatory factor or a microbial hormone for the expression of various phenotypes not only in a variety ofStreptomyces spp. but also in the distantly related bacteria. A-factor, as a representative of this type of autoregulators, triggers streptomycin biosynthesis and cellular differentiation inStreptomyces griseus. A model for the A-factor regulatory cascade on the basis of recent work is as follows. At an early step in the A-factor regulatory relay, the positive A-factor signal is first received by an A-factor receptor protein that is comparable in every aspect to eukaryotic hormone receptors, and then, via one or more regulatory steps, transmitted to an A-factor-responsive protein that binds to the upstream activation sequence of thestrR gene, a regulatory gene in the streptomycin biosynthetic gene cluster. The StrR protein thus induced appears to activate the other streptomycin biosynthetic genes. This review summarizes the characteristics of A-factor as a microbial hormone and the A-factor regulatory relay leading to streptomycin production.