“绿色革命”新进展:赤霉素与氮营养双重调控的表观修饰助力水稻高产高效育种

以半矮秆育种为代表的“绿色革命”极大地提高了作物产量,但也带来氮营养利用效率降低的严重问题。“绿色革命”主要基于调控赤霉素的代谢和信号转导而实现。前期的研究发现,赤霉素信号转导关键因子DELLA蛋白通过调控GRF4而负调控氮素的吸收利用,为半矮秆品系氮利用效率低的问题提供了解决方案。最近的一项研究进一步揭示了GA信号途径与氮响应交叉互作的新机制。该研究发现水稻(Oryza sativa)NGR5是氮素调控分蘖数目的一个关键基因,其表达受氮诱导。通过招募PRC2,NGR5对D14和OsSPL14等分蘖抑制基因所在位点进行H3K27me3甲基化修饰,从而抑制其表达。而在半矮秆背景下超表达NGR5可以提高低氮水平下的水稻产量。NGR5同时也被发现为赤霉素受体GID1的一个新靶标,受到其负调控。该研究发现了调控赤霉素信号通路的新机制,并对高产高效的新一代“绿色革命”育种实践具有重要启示。     

联合固氮菌Alcaligen faecalislin泌铵突变体离子不选育及鉴定

Ｎ＾＋注入野生型菌株（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎ ｆａｅｃａｌｉｓ １．４８８），筛选出抗５１．６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙二胺的泌铵突变株ＥＭ１１０５，它以ＫＮＯ３为氮源时，培养２１ｈ泌铵量可达到１．１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。研究了该突变株在不同氮源下的培养特性，推断为铵载体缺陷型。     

Fractal root system of Melica przewalskyi along different aspect in degraded grassland

Aims Fractal root system is phenotypic plasticity result of plant root architecture to respond to environmental heterogeneity, may reflect the growth strategy of plants to adapt to environmental conditions. Our objective was to explore the relationship between root fractal dimension and fractal abundance of fractal root system of Melica przewalskyi population in response to aspect variation in the northwest of China. Methods The study site was located in a degraded alpine grassland on the northern slope in Qilian Mountains, Gansu Province, China. Survey and sampling were carried out at 40 plots which were set up along four slope aspects transects with 20 m distance between adjacent plots. Handheld GPS was used to determine the elevation, longitude and latitude of each plot. ArcGIS was used to set up digital elevation model (DEM). Community traits were investigated and six individuals roots of M. przewalskyi were collected randomly at each plot. The samples were cleaned and divided into different organs, then scanning the root with the Win-RHIZO for measurements of fractal dimension and fractal abundance in laboratory, and their biomass were then measured after being dried at 80 °C in an oven. Important findings With the slope aspect turned from north to east, west, and south, the density, height and soil moisture content of the plant community displayed a pattern of initial decline, the height, density, root fractal abundance of M. przewalskyi increased and the root fractal dimension decreased. The root fractal dimension was negatively associated with the fractal abundance in all aspects, but the relationship varied along the slope aspects gradient; there was a highly significant negative correlation (p < 0.01) between the root fractal dimension and fractal abundance at north slope and south slope aspect, whereas the correlation only reached a significant level (p < 0.05) at the east slope aspect and west slope aspect; indicating that there is a trade-off between the root fractal dimension and fractal abundance. In addition, when the slope aspect changed from north to east, west and south, the standardized major axis (SMA) slope of the regression equation in the scaling relationships between root fractal dimension and fractal abundance increased (p < 0.05), indicating that the roots of M. przewalskyi at the droughty southern slope have less branch and more sparse in the same soil volume of root exploitation and utilization. Consequently, the resource allocation pattern on reasonable trade-off between root fractal dimension and fractal abundance in different slope aspect of M. przewalskyi, reflects the relationship between the income and the cost of construction of plant root architecture.     

家蚕产卵数的遗传及育种学研究 11。产卵数的配合力及育种学研究

本试验采用Griffing方法对家蚕产卵数的配合力进行了沾算,并分析了一般配合力、特殊f 力 在育种工作中所起的作用,同时从产卯数的选择方向、选择强度来研究选择效果的表现。结果,特殊配 合力效应大于一般配合力效应而起主要作用;选择方向对选择效果有显著的差异;选择强度的不同则遗 传进展、现实遗传力等效应也表现出明显的倾向性。     

中国四种藓类的细胞学观察

我国在苔藓植物细胞学方面的研究尚属空白。本文介绍了藓类植物染色体的研究方 法,首次报道了我国4种藓类的染色体数。研究材料均取各种藓类的幼嫩孢蒴。 本文对孢子 母细胞在减数分裂中期I的染色体进行了观察。 尖叶对齿藓Didymodon constrictus(Mitt．) Saito．n＝14, 陕西绢藓Entodon schensianus C.Mull．n=10十lm, 尖叶走灯藓Plagiomni- um cuspidatum(Hedw．)T．Kop．n＝6, 牛角藓Cratoneuron filicinum(Hedw．)Spruc．n＝10。 其中的前两种藓类为首次报道。并对后两种藓类的染色体数也进行了讨论。     

两株大豆根瘤菌在结瘤过程中的相互影响

本文报道了大豆根瘤菌菌株PRc005和CB1809在大豆“矮脚早”品种上的竞争结瘤能力。在灯光栽培室进行了大豆砂培盆栽试验,考察了大豆根瘤数、根瘤千重和地上部植株千重。用免疫荧光抗体检测了两个菌株的占瘤率。试验结果表明,菌株cB1809的竞争结瘤能力显著地比菌株PRC005差,后者占有绝对的竞争结瘤优势。但是,菌株cB1809在大豆根际的出现,使菌株PRC005的结瘤数和根瘤干重显著下降。菌株CB1809较高的根际菌数并没有显著地提高该菌的占瘤率。试验结果反映了菌株CB1809不适合大豆“矮脚早”品种的结瘤。     

细菌超低温冻结保藏的研究

本文报道10属19种19株细菌超低温冻结保藏试验的结果。从细胞存活率看,冻结保藏8个月,10％甘油、10%二甲基亚砜保护剂保藏效果优于蒸馏水作保护剂,少数菌株三种保护剂保藏效果相近。快速冻结与慢速冻结对细咆存活率影响不显著。恶臭醋杆菌混浊变种(Acelobacter rancens var. turbidans) AS 1.41,产氨短杆菌 (Brevibacterium ammoniagenes) AS1．844,细胞悬液浓度大,细胞存活率有增高趋势。电镜观查,超低温冻结细胞死亡率高的产气气杆菌(Aerobacter aerogenes) AS 1.489有胞壁破裂、胞质溢出现象,是细胞死亡原因之一。冻结融化后直接测定,植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum) AS 1.557乳酸生成力下降3．4—13.8％,溶壁小球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus) AS 1.634对溶菌酶敏感性下降14—23％。冻结融化后移接2代测定,钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebactertum crenatum) AS 1.998 产 L-异亮氨酸,大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli) AS 1.76产青霉素酰化酶酶活力,铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) AS 1．647产2-酮基-L-古龙酸,植物乳杆菌产乳酸均与冻结前相近。     

药用植物肿节枫诱导前噬菌体有效组分的分析

在11种溶原性细菌系统中,以双层琼脂平板-纸片法检测药用植物肿节枫对前噬菌体的诱导作用,表明温和性噬菌体φ52 Ⅰ溶原化的金黄色葡萄球菌2009,对肿节枫的诱导反应最为敏感。其它溶原性菌株,包括曾用以筛选抗肿瘤药物的大肠杆菌K_(12)(λ)-K_(12)S系统都呈阴性反应。化学成分的进一步分析说明,仅肿节枫黄酮糖苷组分Ⅰ具有诱导活性。并与丝裂霉素C作了比较。     

DNA超螺旋构象的理论研究

本文总结了近年来描述DNA超螺旋结构的基本关系式和各种参量,综述了计算超螺旋的几何参数,定量分析DNA分子与蛋白质结合时的特殊构象,以及基于物理模型解释和预见精确的超螺旋空间构象等方面的理论研究进展。