Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

生态意识及其主要特点

一、生态意识产生的时代背景生态意识作为人类思想的先进观念,产生于20世纪后半叶。产业革命以来二百多年,人类依据先进科学技术武装的强大生产力,无限制地向自然进     

海岸护林卫士—火炬松

火炬松(Pinus taeda)又名台大松,原产美国南部,在原产地树高可达30米左右。该树种喜温暖湿润的气候,能耐干燥瘠薄的土壤;具有很强的抗松毛虫和松干蚧的特性,对海风和海雾也有较强的抗性。我国安徽、江苏、浙江、福建、广东和江西等省均已广泛引种。火炬松一般在3月下旬开始     

不同海拔地区种植的水稻地上部干物质的生产和分配

根据1983—1985年“高原水稻高产栽培的生理生态规律研究”中低热的元江(海拔400米左右)、温凉的昆明(约1900米)和冷凉的丽江(约2400米)的资料,以六个处理、十八个小区、三年总平均值,比较了不同海拔地区种植的水稻中地上部干物质生产和分配的总趋势。主要结果如下: 1.全生育期总的干物质生产量以温凉地区最高,低热地区居中,冷凉地区最低。 2.抽穗前干物质生产速率和齐穗期干物重占黄熟期干物重的比例随海拔降低而增加;抽穗期至黄熟期干物质生产速率,以温凉地区最高,低热地区居中,冷凉地区最低,但低热地区低于前期,高海拔地区高于前期,不过冷凉的丽江增加的更多。 3.抽穗前(旗叶完全展开后)叶干重占当时植株总干重的比例,随海拔升高而降低。 4.抽穗期至黄熟期的次库(茎 叶鞘)干重的改变,不同海拔地区种植的水稻表现不同:低热地区减重,温凉地区稍增,冷凉地区明显增加。 5.与高海拔地区种植的水稻相比,在黄熟期低海拔地区的有较高的穗重/总重和穗增重/总增重的比例。另外低海拔地区的穗增重超过总增重。结实率和谷/草比例均随海拔增高而减低。     

驼鹿

驼鹿(Alces alces)也叫麋。俗称(?)达(?)、四不象等。世界上有七个亚种,分布于欧、亚和北美。我国有两个亚种:小兴安岭亚种(Alces.a.cameloides)主要分布于小兴安岭林区及其附近。大兴安岭亚种(alces.a.pfizanmeyeri)主要分布于大兴安岭林区及其附近。据1975年调查统计,我国约有1.8万头驼鹿。尽管资源有一定的积蓄量,但由于森林环境的破坏及过度狩猎(特别是盗猎)的破坏,资源数量正在下降,分布区也在缩小。为此,国家已将驼鹿列入第二类保护动物。     

福寿螺生态习性及在北京地区养殖的可行性

福寿螺(大瓶螺 Ampullaria gigas Spix)又称苹果螺,是80年代初由南美亚马逊河流域引进的一种大型淡水螺。属软体动物门、腹足纲、前鳃亚纲、中腹足目、瓶螺科。 (一)应用价值福寿螺肉质细嫩、味道鲜美和富有营养。蛋白质