“绿色革命”新进展:赤霉素与氮营养双重调控的表观修饰助力水稻高产高效育种

以半矮秆育种为代表的“绿色革命”极大地提高了作物产量,但也带来氮营养利用效率降低的严重问题。“绿色革命”主要基于调控赤霉素的代谢和信号转导而实现。前期的研究发现,赤霉素信号转导关键因子DELLA蛋白通过调控GRF4而负调控氮素的吸收利用,为半矮秆品系氮利用效率低的问题提供了解决方案。最近的一项研究进一步揭示了GA信号途径与氮响应交叉互作的新机制。该研究发现水稻(Oryza sativa)NGR5是氮素调控分蘖数目的一个关键基因,其表达受氮诱导。通过招募PRC2,NGR5对D14和OsSPL14等分蘖抑制基因所在位点进行H3K27me3甲基化修饰,从而抑制其表达。而在半矮秆背景下超表达NGR5可以提高低氮水平下的水稻产量。NGR5同时也被发现为赤霉素受体GID1的一个新靶标,受到其负调控。该研究发现了调控赤霉素信号通路的新机制,并对高产高效的新一代“绿色革命”育种实践具有重要启示。     

Effects of the supply levels and ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus on seed traits of Chenopodium glaucum

全球氮沉降不仅改变土壤氮和磷的有效性, 同时也改变氮磷比例。氮磷供应量、比例及其交互作用可能会影响植物种子性状。该研究在内蒙古草原基于沙培盆栽实验种植灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum), 设置3个氮磷供应量水平和3个氮磷比例的正交实验来探究氮磷供应量、比例及其交互作用对灰绿藜种子性状的影响。结果发现氮磷供应量对种子氮浓度、磷浓度和萌发率影响的相对贡献(15%-24%)大于氮磷比例(3%-7%), 而种子大小只受氮磷比例的影响。同时氮磷供应量和比例之间的交互作用显著影响种子氮浓度和磷浓度。同等氮磷比例情况下, 低量养分供应提高种子氮浓度、磷浓度和萌发率。氮磷比例只有在养分匮乏的环境中才会对种子大小和萌发率产生显著影响。总之, 灰绿藜种子不同性状对氮或磷限制的敏感性不同, 同时种子性状也对养分限制表现出适应性和被动响应。     

德国科隆市Stammheim污水处理厂简介

介绍德国科隆市Stammheim污水处理厂各构筑物和生产运行情况。     

《自然－免疫学》：研究人员探明过敏体质部分原因

日本理化研究所近日发表新闻公报说。其研究人员与美国同行经动物实验发现，负责合成转录因子Mina的基因存在单核苷酸多态性。这一特点与过敏症发病相关。     

《自然》：电刺激能唤醒处最小意识状态者脑部意识

美国科学家近日通过向大脑中植入电极，成功地使一位因伤陷入最小意识状态（minimally conscious state）达六年之久的患者辨认出了指定物体，并能做出准确的手势。该项研究有望对处于最小意识状态的病患提供新的治疗方法，大脑皮层严重受损但其它关键部位保存完好的患者可能受益。相关论文发表在8月2日的《自然》杂志上。     

Fractal root system of Melica przewalskyi along different aspect in degraded grassland

Aims Fractal root system is phenotypic plasticity result of plant root architecture to respond to environmental heterogeneity, may reflect the growth strategy of plants to adapt to environmental conditions. Our objective was to explore the relationship between root fractal dimension and fractal abundance of fractal root system of Melica przewalskyi population in response to aspect variation in the northwest of China. Methods The study site was located in a degraded alpine grassland on the northern slope in Qilian Mountains, Gansu Province, China. Survey and sampling were carried out at 40 plots which were set up along four slope aspects transects with 20 m distance between adjacent plots. Handheld GPS was used to determine the elevation, longitude and latitude of each plot. ArcGIS was used to set up digital elevation model (DEM). Community traits were investigated and six individuals roots of M. przewalskyi were collected randomly at each plot. The samples were cleaned and divided into different organs, then scanning the root with the Win-RHIZO for measurements of fractal dimension and fractal abundance in laboratory, and their biomass were then measured after being dried at 80 °C in an oven. Important findings With the slope aspect turned from north to east, west, and south, the density, height and soil moisture content of the plant community displayed a pattern of initial decline, the height, density, root fractal abundance of M. przewalskyi increased and the root fractal dimension decreased. The root fractal dimension was negatively associated with the fractal abundance in all aspects, but the relationship varied along the slope aspects gradient; there was a highly significant negative correlation (p < 0.01) between the root fractal dimension and fractal abundance at north slope and south slope aspect, whereas the correlation only reached a significant level (p < 0.05) at the east slope aspect and west slope aspect; indicating that there is a trade-off between the root fractal dimension and fractal abundance. In addition, when the slope aspect changed from north to east, west and south, the standardized major axis (SMA) slope of the regression equation in the scaling relationships between root fractal dimension and fractal abundance increased (p < 0.05), indicating that the roots of M. przewalskyi at the droughty southern slope have less branch and more sparse in the same soil volume of root exploitation and utilization. Consequently, the resource allocation pattern on reasonable trade-off between root fractal dimension and fractal abundance in different slope aspect of M. przewalskyi, reflects the relationship between the income and the cost of construction of plant root architecture.     

多变鱼腥藻可逆氢酶的诱导及其特性

在NH4^ 或在无氮培养条件下,对多变鱼腥藻的营养细胞照光并通过N3气24小时,均可诱导出可逆氢酶,照光和厌氧是在多变鱼腥藻营养胞中诱导出可逆氢酶的必要条件。－－在NH4^ 或无氮两种培养条件下所诱导出的可逆氢酶的性质基本相同。（1）当提供还原甲基紫精做它的电子供体时,它们能够放氢;当提供苄基紫精做它的电子受体时,它们都可以吸氢。（2）它们都是热稳定的,并对O2都是不敏感的。（3）它们的放氢活性的最适pH相同,为pH7－7．5。（4）在NH4^ 和无氮培养条件下,所诱导的可逆氢酶的Km值（对于放氢）分别为300umol/l和295umol/l,大致相同,如此高的Km值表示它们在细胞中的代谢功能可能是放氢。（5）CO抑制它们的放氢活性,而C2H2对它们的放氢活性没有影响,在NH4^ 培养条件下,从从变鱼腥藻营养细胞所诱导出的可逆氢酶的放氢活性可达1530nmol H2/mg. 干重．小时。它比在无氮培养条件下所诱导的可逆氢酶的放氢活性高3－5倍,以上实验结果表明,多变鱼腥藻在无氮培养条件下,异形胞的出现影响营养细胞中可逆氢酶的合成和活性的调节。