Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

广西兴安苗儿山保护区的植被

苗儿山是南岭山地越城岭的主峰,广西第一高峰,海拔2141.5米。整个林区面积约80万亩,划为自然保护区约25万亩,境内森林茂密,生物资源丰富。有关苗儿山保护区的基本特点、经营管理方向等,我们已有专文论述,这里不再重复。本文着重对植被的主要类型及其分布情况作概括的论述,供有关方面参考。 虽然,苗儿山保护区范围主要由花岗岩和砂页岩发育的黄棕壤、黄壤和红壤所构成,都属酸性土壤,但山地海拔高程相差达1900米,加以人为生产活动的方式和强度不同的影响,所以,植被的类型是多种多样的。现分述如下:     

一个嗜热分解纤维素的梭菌新种的分离和鉴定

本文描述了一个严格厌氧,形成芽孢,嗜热,分解纤维素、糖和蛋白质的梭菌新种。这个种的两株菌(H11,H12)是从奶牛场的青贮饲料(山草)中分离出来的。在PYC液体培养基中细胞杆状,0．3mO．6×1．5—-5．5μm,单生或成对,很少成链。革兰氏阴性,能运动,有周生鞭毛。芽孢卵至球形,端生和次端生,使细胞膨大。游离芽孢球形,有孢子外壁和附属丝。在PYC琼脂滚管中,深层菌落呈双凸镜状,湿润,浅黄色,直径1—2mm,边缘完整。生长的最适条件是50—53℃和pH 7．5。所需要的生长因子是生物素、维生素B6、B12和对氨基苯甲酸。发酵纤维素或纤维二糖产生琥珀酸、乙酸、乙醇、氢和二氧化碳。DNA的G十C含量是38.8 mol％。参考这个种在非挥发酸中的主要产物是琥珀酸的特性,将它定名为产琥珀酸梭菌(Clostridium succinogenum Ten & Wang sp.nov．)。     

羊草草地枯枝落叶中N,P,K变化动态

羊草草地枯枝落叶中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ变化动态郭继勋,祝廷成（东北师范大学国家草地生态工程实验室,长春１３００２４）ＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓｏｆＮ,ＰａｎｄＫｉｎｌｉｔｔｅｒｓｏｎＡｎｅｕｒｏｌｏｐｉｄｉｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄ．￥ＧｕｏＪｉｘｕｎａｎｄ...     

多异瓢虫生物学的研究

多异瓢虫在山东省德州地区一年发生４代,部分个体５代,以成虫在杂草丛内、残枝落叶及土块下越冬。在自然变温下,卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹、成虫产卵前期和全世代的发育始点和有效积温分别为１８．８±０．５２℃和１５．０日度、１６．９７±０．０３℃和７３．３日度、１５．９７±０．０１℃和１０．２３日度、１５．４７±０．０５℃和２３．０５日度、１７．６±０．０４℃和３４．１日度、１８．２±０．１０℃和１７０．３日度。据Ｈｏｌｉｎｇ圆盘方程测定,１─４龄幼虫和产卵前期成虫日最大捕食棉蚜量依次力６．７头、３６．４头、７７．５头、８１．３头和６８．０头。     

自生固氮菌和纤维素分解菌的混合培养

本文对作者筛选的自生固氮菌和纤维素分解菌进行了混合培养。在较高的起始菌浓情况下,混合接种后,菌浓仍呈现上升趋势。同时混合培养与单独培养对比,其菌数有增无减。实验表明作者筛选的自生固氮菌和纤维素分解菌,可以进行混合培养并做成混合制剂。     

大别山北坡落叶阔叶林种间相关的研究

应用联结系数AC,点相关系数PCC,x~2检验和pearson相关系数r公式测定了大别山北坡落叶阔叶林的种间关系,依据种间联结程度将乔木层划分出3个生态种组,即栓皮栎──枫香种组,化香──短柄抱种组和锐齿栎──灯台树种组。     

卡介苗对枯否细胞生物特性影响的免疫细胞化学研究

卡介苗(BCG)是增强肝枯否细胞(KC)抗肝癌细胞作用的最佳免疫制剂之一。本实验是给大鼠BCG后,应用溶菌酶免疫细胞化学法显示KC,以图象分析系统测定KC的数量、分布和面积,以细胞分光光度计测定KC溶菌酶活性;分离KC体外受BCG作用后,用ELISA法测定RC的Fc受体表达。结果显示:BCG使KC数量增多一倍,尤以肝小叶周边带为显著;KC体积明显增大,细胞面积增大55.71％,周边带KC面积增大一倍上;细胞溶菌酶光密度增大64.35％;Fc受体表达增强64.82％。上述结果是BCG增强KC抗肝癌细胞作用有关细胞学机制。