概念图及其在教与学中的应用

1 关于概念图的概述概念 图是一种关于概念知识、思维过程或思维结果、系统结构、计划流程等的图形化表征方式，它由节点、链接（节点间的连线）和节点间的关联词组成。康奈尔大学的Joseph D．Novak博士根据奥苏贝尔（David P．Ausubel）学习理论于1960年始研究概念图技术，并使之成为一种教学工具。学生利用概念图进行知识的自主建构，教师利用概念图引导和考察学生组织知识、理解知识的过程，都与建构主义学习观是一致的。     

抗体类药物非聚糖翻译后修饰的LC-MS表征分析

抗体类药物往往存在复杂多样的翻译后修饰(post-translational modifications, PTMs),由此产生高度的异质性。PTMs表征是抗体类药物研发的重要组成部分。尤其在早期研发阶段,高质量的结构表征可以为药物筛选、药物发现、工艺开发和优化提供指引和依据。基于液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)技术的表征分析手段可快速、准确地识别PTMs,已成为抗体类药物PTMs分析及结构表征的有力工具。该文综述了抗体类药物非聚糖PTMs的鉴定成果,内容包括修饰类型、修饰位点、修饰所在区域、表达系统信息及潜在影响,并对LC-MS表征分析策略进行了一定的探讨,希望为抗体类药物早期研发阶段的表征分析提供参考。综述的非聚糖PTMs均通过LC-MS或LC-MS/MS技术得到了鉴定。     

中国蓟县团山子组（17亿年）宏观藻类的发现和初步研究

蓟县团山子组下部铁质白云岩中碳质宏观化石自Ｈ．Ｊ．Ｈｏｆｍａｎｎ和Ｃｈｅｎ（１９８１）最先报道以来,一直为世人所关注,通过多年工作,１９９３年始发现富集层位,本文报道这一发现的初步研究成果。宏观碳质压型化石形态多样,内容丰富,初步归纳有７属１０种,其中包括２新属,５新种,１凝问属,１亲近种,２相似种和２未定种。新属为团山子藻属Ｔｕａｎｓｈａｎｚｉａ ｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．和古掌状藻属Ｅｏｐａｌｍａｒｉａ     

大尺度陆地生态系统动态变化与空间变异的过程模型及模拟系统

当代生态系统科学研究更加关注区域生态环境及生态系统状态变化的监测、评估、预测、预警及生态环境可持续管理。在深入理解陆地生态系统的要素、过程、功能、格局及其相互作用机理基础上,发展生态系统定量化描述方法和数值模拟技术,集成构建大陆尺度的“多过程耦合-多技术集成-多目标应用”的陆地生态系统数值模拟器已成为生态系统与全球变化及其资源、环境和灾害效应科学研究的重要科技任务。本研究围绕宏观生态系统模拟分析方法问题,在回顾陆地生态系统模型研究现状和发展趋势的基础上,深入讨论开发大尺度陆地生态系统动态变化和空间变异及其资源环境效应模拟系统的理念,以及模拟系统的功能定位、结构设计等基本问题,为构造中国陆地生态系统数值模拟器提供参考。     

Characterization and Ectopic Expression of a Populus Hydroxyacid Hyd roxyci n nam oylt ra nsferase

Cutinized and suberized cell walls in plants constitute physiologically important environment interfaces. They act as barriers limiting the loss of water and nutrients and protecting against radiation and invasion of pathogens. The roles of cutin- and suberin polyesters are often attributed to their dominant aliphatic components, but the contri- bution of aromatic composition to their physiological function remains unclear. By functionally screening a subset of Populus trichocarpa BAHD/HXXXD acyltransferases, we identified a hydroxycinnamoyltransferase that shows specific transacylation activity on ~0-hydroxyacids using both feruloyl- and p-coumaroyl- CoA as the acyl donors. We named this enzyme P. trichocarpa hydroxyacid/fatty alcohol hydroxycinnamoyltransferase 1 （PtFHT1）. The ectopic expression of the PtFHT1 gene in Arabidopsis increased the incorporation of ferulate in root and seed suberins and in leaf cutin, but not that of p-coumarate, while the aliphatic load in both suberin and cutin polyesters essentially remained unaffected. The overaccumulation of ferulate in lipophilic polyester significantly increased the tolerance of transgenic plants to salt stress treatment; under sub-lethal conditions of salt stress, the ratios of their seed germination and seedling establishment were 50% higher than those of wild-type plants. Our study suggests that, although aromatics are the minor component of polyesters, they play important role in the sealing function of lipidic polymers in planta.     

皂荚半乳甘露聚糖胶分级醇沉及表征

使用不同浓度乙醇和异丙醇分别对皂荚半乳甘露聚糖胶水溶液进行分级沉降,沉淀物用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)等进行表征.结果表明,异丙醇可在较小浓度下更快沉降皂荚多糖胶,当异丙醇溶液浓度为28.6％ (V/V)时,沉淀物中半乳甘露聚糖浓度达到12.50％(w/w);随着醇浓度上升,沉降组分半乳甘露聚糖得率呈增加趋势,且在后期增加幅度最大,多糖最高得率可达80％,纯化后皂荚多糖胶(GSG)表现出较高的甘露糖/半乳糖(M/G)之比值,在异丙醇沉降中表现更加明显(低浓度的异丙醇达到最高的M/G =4.1);低浓度醇沉主要得到大分子组分,随乙醇浓度增加组分分子量明显降低,多糖胶更加均匀,而在异丙醇沉降后期均一性有所下降.     

一株增强中华绒螯蟹抗病力的固氮红细菌SY5的分离鉴定与表征

为丰富在中华绒螯蟹病害防控中具有潜在应用价值的微生物资源,以类胡萝卜素产生能力作为评价指标,从养殖池底泥中分离获得一株优良的好氧光合细菌SY5,在形态与生理生化鉴定以及分子鉴定的基础上对其进行药敏特性分析,并进一步评价了其对中华绒螯蟹抗弗氏柠檬酸杆菌感染的保护效果。结果表明,菌株SY5为固氮红细菌(Rhodobacter azotoformans),革兰氏染色阴性,在营养琼脂平板上的菌落特征为深红色、圆形、边缘整齐、光滑、湿润,与固氮红细菌YLK20的亲缘关系最近,对阿莫西林、新霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、多黏菌素B、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、卡那霉素、氨苄西林、罗红霉素、磷霉素、链霉素高度敏感,对多西环素中度敏感;在饲料中添加终浓度为(6.0×10⁵)-(6.0×10⁹)CFU/g时对中华绒螯蟹抗弗氏柠檬酸杆菌感染的有效保护率为60.0%-100%。这些研究结果为固氮红细菌SY5作为中华绒螯蟹养殖用饲料添加剂的后期开发奠定了基础。     

Characterization and mapping of a novel mutant sms1 （senescence and male sterility 1） in rice

Plant senescence plays diverse important roles in development and environmental responses.However,the molecular basis of plant senescence is remained largely unknown.A rice spontaneous mutant with the character of early senescence and male sterility (sms) was found in the breeding line NT10-748.In order to identify the gene SMS1 and the underlying mechanism,we preliminarily analyzed physiological and biochemical phenotypes of the mutant.The mutant contained lower chlorophyll content compared with the wild type control and was severe male sterile with lower pollen viability.Genetic analysis showed that the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene.By the map-based cloning approach,we fine-mapped SMS1 to a 67 kb region between the markers Z3-4 and Z1-1 on chromosome 8 using 1,074 F2 recessive plants derived from the cross between the mutant sms1 (japonica) × Zhenshan 97 (indica),where no known gene involved in senescence or male sterility has been identified.Therefore the SMS1 gene will be a novel gene that regulates the two developmental processes.The further cloning and functional analysis of the SMS1 gene is under way.     

Characterization of seedling proteomes and development of markers to distinguish the Brassica A and C genomes

The diploid species Brassica rapa(genome AA)and B.oleracea(genome CC)were compared by fuU-seale proteome analyses of seedling.A total of 28.2% of the proteins was common to both species,indicating the existence of a basal or ubiquitous proteome.How-ever,a number of discriminating proteins(32.0%)and specific proteins(39.8%)of the Brassica A and C genomes,respectively,were identified,which could represent potentially species-specific functions.Based on these A or C genome-specific proteins,a number of PCR-based markers to distinguish B.rapa and B.oleracea species were also developed.     

Complete Genomic Sequence of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus TS and 3＇ End Sequence Characterization Following Cell Culture

The complete genome sequence of transmissible Gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) strain TS, previously isolated from Gansu province, was cloned and compared with published sequence data from other TGEV strains.Phylogenetic tree analysis based on the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the S gene showed that the TGEV strains were divided into 3 clusters. TGEV TS showed a close evolutionary relationship to the American Miller cluster but had a 5' non-translated region (NTR) sequence closely related to the American Purdue cluster.Continued culture in different cell types indicated that TGEV TS virulence could be attenuated alter fifty passages in Porcine kidney (PK-15) cells, and that the Porcine kidney cell line IB-RS-2 (IBRS) was not suitable for culture of the TGEV strain TS.