X射线对根尖细胞分裂和分化的作用

用30—70GyX射线照射小麦幼苗(浸种后5天)后发现根毛区到根尖的距离缩短,根毛变密,根毛长度为对照的2—3倍。照射后2—3天就可看到该现象。根毛着生处到根尖的距离随剂量增加而减少,甚至根尖全为根毛所复盖,另外还看到有分叉的根毛。根尖纵切片表明根尖分生区随剂量增加而缩小,分生区后接着就出现输导组织。玉米和黄瓜也有类似现象。这现象说明根细胞的分裂过程对射线很敏感,而分化过程则相当耐辐射,细胞分裂停止后立即转向细胞分化过程。     

关于无丝分裂的几个问题

关于无丝分裂在现行的中学生物教材中涉及的都很少,高中生物(必修本)仅在第33页和第40页上有所提及,在教学参考书上的论述也较为简单,在讲解此内容时,如果仅照教材和参考书讲,易使学生产生下列误解:①无丝分裂仅有缢裂一种方式。②发生无丝分裂的组织和部位只有蛙的红细胞。③无丝分裂是细胞增殖的一种重要的和正常的方式。④无丝分裂过程中染色质不发生变化。下面笔者就上述四个问题作一简要介绍。     

木薯ftsZ基因分离及在原核生物中功能初步鉴定

ftsZ基因是控制细胞分裂的关键基因,其蛋白能够在分裂位点形成一个环状结构而影响细胞分裂.为了研究木薯质体分裂与木薯淀粉品质形成的关系,根据木薯基因组数据库上的预测序列,设计引物,从木薯基因组中分离了与质体分裂相关的ftsZ家族3个新基因(ftsZ1,ftsZ2,ftsZ3).分别将它们与荧光蛋白基因(GFP)融合,构建了3个原核表达载体pET-fisZ1-GFP、pET-fisZ2-GFP、pET-fisZ3-GFP,并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3).通过荧光显微镜观察菌体的表型和分裂,初步鉴定了木薯质体分裂相关基因ftsZ家族对细胞分裂的作用.结果显示:尽管木薯与大肠杆菌的亲缘关系较远,ftsZ基因的同源性较低,但是两者表现出相似的功能,木薯ftsZ基因的表达能严重影响大肠杆菌细胞分裂.这一结果为进一步研究木薯ftsZ家族基因的功能奠定了基础.     

水稻矮杆突变体的细胞学特征及基因定位研究

赤霉素合成基因在植物的生长发育中起着重要的作用.甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS)诱变的超矮杆突变株水稻ag1(ai-gan1)表现出明显的节间和叶片伸长缺陷,成熟期株高仅为野生型的34.81％,穗长以及各节间长度占整株高度的比例发生明显变化,其中倒二节间和倒三节间所占比例显著降低....     

Function and regulation of Aurora／Ipllp kinase family in cell division

During mitosis,the parent cell distributes its genetic materials equally into two daughter cells through chromosome segregation,a complex movements orchestrated by mitotic kinases and its effector proteins.Faithful chromosome segregation and cytokinesis ensure that each daughter cell receives a full copy of genetic materials of parent cell.Defects in these processes can lead to aneuploidy or polyploidy.Aurora/Ipllp family, a class of conserved serine/threonine kinases,plays key roles in chromosome segregation and cytokinesis.This article highlights the function and regulation of Aurora/Ipllp family in mitosis and provides potential links between aberrant regulation of Aurora/Ipllp kinases and pathogenesis of human cancer.     

封面说明

图案说明： 2009年瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院宣布诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予美国科学家伊丽莎白·布莱克本、卡萝尔·格雷德和杰克·绍斯塔克,以表彰他们”发现端粒和端粒酶是如何保护染色体的”。端粒和端粒酶的发现,解决了DNA末端复制这一基础生物学的问题,这一问题从端粒的角度揭示细胞分裂潜能控制,细胞衰老和癌变的分子基础,与疾病有密切关联,意义重大。     

封面说明

图案说明： 2009年瑞典卡罗林斯卡医学院宣布诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予美国科学家伊丽莎白·布莱克本、卡萝尔·格雷德和杰克·绍斯塔克,以表彰他们“发现端粒和端粒酶是如何保护染色体的”。端粒和端粒酶的发现,解决了DNA末端复制这一基础生物学的问题,这一问题从端粒的角度揭示细胞分裂潜能控制,细胞衰老和癌变的分子基础,与疾病有密切关联,意义重大。     

Cytokinesis and cancer： Polo loves ROCK＇n＇ Rho（A）

Cytokinesis is the last step of the M (mitosis) phase, yet it is crucial for the faithful division of one cell into two. Cytokinesis failure is often associated with cancer. Cytokinesis can be morphologically divided into four steps: cleavage furrow initiation, cleavage furrow ingression, midbody formation and abscission. Molecular studies have revealed that RhoA as well as its regulators and effectors are important players to ensure a successful cytokinesis. At the same time, Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is an important kinase that can target many substrates and carry out different functions during mitosis, including cytokinesis. Recent studies are beginning to unveil a closer tie between Plk1 and RhoA networks. More specifically, Plk1 phosphorylates the centralspindlin complex Cyk4 and MKLP1/CHO1, thus recruiting RhoA guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) Ect2 through its phosphopeptide-binding BRCT domains. Ect2 itself can be phosphorylated by Plk1 in vitro. Plk1 can also phosphorylate another GEF MyoGEF to regulate RhoA activity. Once activated, RhoA-GTP will activate downstream effectors, including ROCK1 and ROCK2. ROCK2 is among the proteins that associate with Plk1 Polo-binding domain (PBD) in a large proteomic screen, and Plk1 can phosphorylate ROCK2 in vitro. We review current understandings of the interplay between Plk1, RhoA proteins and other proteins (e.g., NudC, MKLP2, PRC1, CEP55) involved in cytokinesis, with particular emphasis of its clinical implications in cancer.     

Molecular genetics of cancer and tumorigenesis: Drosophila models

Why do some cells not respond to normal control of cell division and become tumorous? Which signals trigger some tumor cells to migrate and colonize other tissues? What genetic factors are responsible for tumorigenesis and cancer development? What environmental factors play a role in cancer formation and progression? In how many ways can our bodies prevent and restrict the growth of cancerous cells?How can we identify and deliver effective drugs to fight cancer? In the fight against cancer,which kills more people than any other disease,these and other questions have long interested researchers from a diverse range of fields.To answer these questions and to fight cancer more effectively,we must increase our understanding of basic cancer biology.Model organisms,including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster,have played instrumental roles in our understanding of this devastating disease and the search for effective cures.Drosophila and its highly effective,easy-touse,and ever-expanding genetic tools have contributed toand enriched our knowledge of cancer and tumor formation tremendously.     

Calmodulin regulates the post-anaphase reposition of centrioles during cytokinesis

INTRODUCTIONCytokinesis is a very complicated and carefully orches-trated process. During the last step of this process, anintercellular bridge is formed between the two daughtercells. A number of studies suggest that this intercellularbridge is not merel…