关于克隆与繁殖概念的探讨

现代的克隆概念具广泛的含义，将克隆称为无性系、无性繁殖或释为复制等，其意义均是不完整的，所培育的克隆或转基因生物等涉及营养繁殖、无性生殖、有性生殖、单性生殖等繁殖类型；因此，建议把培育具有相同遗传性状个体群的克隆概念依繁殖类型定义为：（1）营养体纯系，或称营养体克隆；（2）孢子生殖纯系，或称孢子克隆；（3）单性生殖纯系，或称单性克隆；（4）核融合纯系，或称核融合克隆。并赞成克隆的基本含义为“纯系”。     

激光诱发家蚕孤雌生殖的研究

采用 CO2激光扩束辐照诱发家蚕孤雌生殖,获得着色卵率约60%,转青卵率约31%,孵化率只占转青率的1.85%,全是雌蚕,其发育机制属非减数分裂型,没有出现畸形蚕,茧质未下降。从激光诱发的孤雌生殖的后代中,初步选出两个新类型的可作育种材料。 Abstrect:In order to induce silkworm(Bombyx mori)parthenogenesis,we irradiated eggs by Co2 laser.The results showed,60% colored eggs,31% average bluish eggs,only 1.85% hatchavility among the bluish eggs,all female from those eggs and so an ameiosis parthenogenesis;no malformed worm,thus similar constitution and quality to their parents;and finally two new strains which can be used to breed new strains and furhther studies.     

远缘花粉延迟授粉诱导小麦单性生殖的染色体观察

应用很尖细胞染色体制片技术,观察了以普通小麦品种间杂种第一代为母本,以硬粒小麦（T,durum)品种“阿普洛”等和黑麦（Secale cereale）品种“D. T. R.”等的花粉为诱导者授粉产生的后代染忿2术－从中筛选鉴定出真正为单性生殖的后代,可作为选育品种的材料。     

孤雌生殖

孤雌生殖(Parthenogenes-is)是指某些生物在进行有性生殖时不通过两性生殖细胞的融合,由卵子直接发育成子代个体的生殖现象,亦称单性生殖、处女生殖。通常所说的孤雌生殖大多是指动物而言的。自然界某些生物营孤雌生殖是其生活史的正常组成部分,此称天然孤雌生殖。若是人工借助于物理或化学等因素的影响而引起的孤雌生殖,称为人工孤雌生殖。在对动物孤雌生殖的研究     

Activation of paternally expressed imprinted genes in newly derived germline-competent mouse parthenogenetic embryonic stem cell lines

Parthenogenetic embryonic stem （pES） cells provide a valuable in vitro model system for studying the molecular mechanisms that underlie genomic imprinting. However, the pluripotency of pES cells and the expression profiles of paternally expressed imprinted genes have not been fully explored. In this study, three mouse pES cell lines were established and the differentiation potential of these cells in extended culture was evaluated. The undifferentiated cells had a normal karyotype and homozygous genome, and expressed ES-cell-specific molecular markers. The cells remained undifferentiated after more than 50 passages and exhibited pluripotent differentiation capacity. All three lines of the established ES cells produced teratomas; two lines of ES cells produced chimeras and germline transmission. Furthermore, activation of the paternally expressed imprinted genes Snrpn, U2afl-rsl, Peg3, Impact, Zfp127, Dlkl and Mest in these cells was detected. Some paternally expressed imprinted genes were found to be expressed in the blastocyst stage of parthenogenetically activated embryos in vitro and their expression level increased with extended pES cell culture. Furthermore, our data show that the activation of these paternally expressed imprinted genes in pES cells was associated with a change in the methylation of the related differentially methylated regions. These findings provide direct evidence for the pluripotency of pES cells and demonstrate the association between the DNA methylation pattern and the activa- tion of paternally expressed imprinted genes in pES cells. Thus, the established ES cell lines provide a valuable model for studying epigenetic regulation in mammalian development.     

动物的孤雌生殖

孤雌生殖（parthenogenesis）也叫做“单性生殖或处女生殖”。孤雌生殖的定义是：“雌性个体产生的卵,无需受精．可发育成新雌性个体。”植物也可能有类似的情形,但植物受精作用的细节多少有些不同,所以这个定义只适用于动物。     

激光诱导杨树单性生殖的研究：Ⅵ.子房愈伤组织的无性繁殖系…

试验已获得用Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光诱导洲黑杨“１６９”杨子房愈伤组织的无性繁殖系“ｃｌｏｎｅ１４”,经细胞学分析,证明它是起源于雌配子体的母系单倍体。经过两年来的继代培养,其愈伤组织的品质已越来越趋于纯化,用它的次生愈伤组织,在适合的分化培养基上,芽分化率由原来的２０％提高到５５％以上,而且切取分化根,进行芽分化培养,也能长芽。     

动物的单性生殖

动物的繁殖需要雌雄个体的共同参与才能完成,这是大家所熟悉的。但在动物界也有一些种类的繁殖不需要雄性个体的参与就可完成,这种繁殖方式称为单性生殖(parthenogenesis)或孤雌生殖。单性生殖可分为自然及人为单性生殖。     

单性生殖动物的进化

传统的观念认为,单性动物由于失去了重组机会,必然难以适应变化的环境,终将绝灭。但是已被发现的近50种单性脊椎动物不仅没有因失去基因的重组和交换而绝灭,反而表现出强大的生命力。其有害突变积累和较长的生物演化历程之间的矛盾和在缺乏遗传重组情况下的进化机制是特别引人关注的重大生物学问题。简要论述了单性动物独特的基因组结构、存在历史及其进化途径（突变、三倍化、异精雌核发育生殖方式和异精效应及生殖方式多样化）。     

More new lines of human parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells

Two papers [1, 2] published in a recent issue of Cell Research describe the derivation of pluripotent human embryonic stem （hES）-like cell lines from parthenogeneic blastocysts.