Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

细胞培养中支原体污染的检测

本文介绍以应用指示细胞培养物的DNA荧光染色为主,辅之以微生物培养(支原体营养肉汤和琼脂培养)的方法作为细胞培养中的支原体污染的检测系统。用该系统检测了45个细胞系,支原体等微生物污染达66.6％,其中确证支原体污染率为31％。     

若干种枝角类卵鞍表面亚显微结构的比较研究

以扫描电镜对发头裸腹溞、蚤状溞、隆线溞指名亚种以及隆线溞东湖一亚种的卵鞍分别进行了比较研究,发现卵鞍表面的亚显微结构有明显的差异,但亚种之间差异较小。隆线溞指名亚种与隆线溞东湖一亚种二者的卵鞍在光学显微镜下看不出有什么差异,然而亚显微结构却互不相同。这就为东湖一新亚种的确定提供了一项可靠的依据,同时也进一步证实卵鞍的超微结构确可作为枝角类分类的表征。     

寄生云杉树蜂的枝跗瘿蜂一新种(膜翅目:瘿蜂总科:枝跗瘿蜂科)

枝跗瘿蜂科(Ibahidae)是个小科,所有种类均寄生蛀干害虫树蜂科(Siricidae)的幼虫。我国大陆的本科种类由杨忠岐1991年首次作了报道。现记述采自祁连山林区的另1新种。该种寄生于为害青海云杉(Picea crassifolia Kom.)的黄肩长尾树蜂(Xeris spec-trum spectrum)等树蜂的幼虫。新种的模式标本保存于西北林学院天敌昆虫研究室。至此,我国大陆共有本科种类3种,加上台湾的1个种,我国共有4种:     

抗酸分枝杆菌和相关菌全细胞枝菌酸甲基酯的薄层分析

用单向薄层层析方法对22种抗酸分枝杆菌及相关细菌的全细胞枝菌酸甲基酯进行了分析。结果表明,人型结核杆菌、牛型结核杆菌、堪萨斯分枝杆菌、海分枝杆菌和胃分枝杆菌的图谱特征相似,由a、甲氧基和酮基枝菌酸酯组成,还有两种未知成分I和J。微黄分枝杆菌、草分枝杆菌、鸟分枝杆菌．胞内分枝杆菌、蛙分枝杆菌和不产色分枝杆菌等均由带a、酮基和蜡脂枝菌酸组成。其它菌种的层析图谱各不相同。诺卡氏菌、红球菌和棒杆菌的图谱较分枝杆菌属简单,主要含有a枝菌酸,又因其Rf值不同,可以将这4种菌属区别开。从肺结核患者痰中分离出来的9株标本技菌酸图谱与标准人型结核扦菌相同,这和用标准化规程进行鉴定的结果一致。我们认为单向薄层层析对于抗酸分枝杆菌的分类和鉴定具有一定的意义。