人类卵母细胞减数分裂的生理和病理机制

正常的卵子发生是人类成功繁育后代的关键步骤。女性胚胎发育时期,原始生殖细胞从有丝分裂转变为减数分裂,经过同源染色体配对和重组后,减数分裂被阻滞在减数第一次分裂前期的双线期。卵泡内卵母细胞的减数分裂阻滞的维持主要归因于胞质中高浓度的环磷酸腺苷。在月经周期中,卵泡刺激素和黄体生成素促进某些卵母细胞恢复减数分裂,完成排卵过程。卵母细胞减数分裂过程中发生任何缺陷都可能影响卵子发生,进而影响受精和胚胎发育过程。辅助生殖、高通量测序和分子生物学技术的快速发展,为人类认识减数分裂背后的精确分子机制以及卵母细胞成熟缺陷疾病的发病机制与诊疗提供新的思路和手段。本文主要介绍了近年来发现的调控卵子发生的生理和病理机制,涉及同源重组、减数分裂阻滞与恢复、母源mRNA降解、翻译后调节、透明带组装等过程,旨在增进相关领域研究人员对卵母细胞减数分裂的了解,并为进一步机制研究和疾病治疗提供理论基础。     

精卵结合的机制

精卵结合的机制万谦翟朝阳（华西医科大学分子生物学研究所,成都６１００４４）关键词精子卵子精卵结合经过多年的研究,一些动物精卵结合的基本机制逐渐地被阐明,目前认识得最清楚的是海胆和小鼠,猪的精卵结合机制也正在逐步被认识。最早被认识的是海胆的精卵结合。海...     

短盖巨脂鲤卵巢发育组织学研究

通过对短盖巨脂鲤各个生长时期卵巢组织学研究以及成熟卵超微结构观察,获得短盖巨脂鲤生长发育过程中卵巢发育规律;同时对卵母细胞核仁排出物与核质关系及在卵黄形成中的作用等问题作了初步探讨;并根据卵巢的卵母细胞组成确定了其产卵类型。     

二倍体马铃薯耐盐品种鉴定的生理指标测定

以不同耐盐性的二倍体马铃薯富利亚（Solanum phureja, PHU） 和窄刀薯假stenotomum,STN）杂种（PHU．STN）无性系为材料,在离体条件下用0（对照）、10、20、30mmol·L^-1NaCl进行胁迫处理,测定试管苗叶的电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量,结果表明,随着盐浓度的升高,这3个生理指标的相对值均逐渐升高,耐盐性不同的二倍体马铃薯差异极显著。表明电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量可以作为二倍体马铃薯耐盐性鉴定的生理指标。     

Water and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Diploid, Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheats

Three diploid (Triticum boeoticum, AA; Aegilops speltoides, BB and Ae. tauschii, DD), two tetraplold (T. dlcoccoides,AABB and T. dicoccon, AABB) and one hexaploid (T. vulgare, AABBDD) varieties of wheat, which are very important in the evolution of wheat were chosen in this study. A pot experiment was carried out on the wheat under different water and nutrient conditions (i) to understand the differences in biomass, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and nutrient (N, P and K) use efficiency (uptake and utilization efficiency) among ploldles in the evolution of wheat; (ii) to clarify the effect of water and nutrient conditions on water and nutrient use efficiency; and (iii) to assess the relationship of water and nutrient use efficiency in the evolution of wheat. Our results showed that from diploid to tetraploid then to hexaploid during the evolution of wheat, both root biomass and above-ground biomass increased initially and then decreased. Water consumption for transpiration decreased remarkably, correlating with the decline of the growth period, while grain yield, harvest index, WUE, N, P and K uptake efficiency, and N, P and K utilization efficiency increased significantly. Grain yield, harvest index and WUE decreased in the same order: T.vulgare ＞ T. dicoccon ＞ T. dicoccoides ＞ Ae. tauschii ＞ Ae. speltoides ＞ T. boeoticum. Water stress significantly decreased root biomass, above-ground biomass, yield, and water consumption for transpiration by 47-52%, butremarkably increased WUE. Increasing the nutrient supply increased wheat above-ground biomass, grain yield,harvest index, water consumption for transpiration and WUE under different water levels, but reduced root biomass under drought conditions. Generally, water stress and low nutrient supply resulted in the lower nutrientuptake efficiency of wheat. However, water and nutrient application had no significant effects on nutrient utilization efficiency, suggesting that wheat nutrient utilization efficiency is mainly controlled by genotypes. Compared to theother two diploid wheats, Ae. squarrosa (DD) had significant higher WUE and nutrient utilization efficiency, Indicating that the D genome may carry genes controlling high efficient utilization of water and nutrient. Significant relationships were found between WUE and N, P and K utilization efficiency.     

三疣梭子蟹卵子发生的研究

１９８９年９月－１９９１年１月、作者利用透射电镜在超微结构水平研究了浙江舟山沿海的三疣梭蟹的卵子发生过程。实验结果得自于１２次取得的１５０号样品。根据核和胞质的变化我们把该蟹的卵子发生分为五期；卵原细胞分裂转化为卵原细胞；卵母细胞发育早期；卵母细胞发育中期；卵母细胞发育晚期；卵子形成期。     

对一道2009年全国中学生生物学竞赛理论试题的商榷

<正>2009年全国中学生生物学竞赛理论试题的第17题(以下简称"第17题")为:一个二倍体物种,在A基因座位上有10个复等位基因,在B基因座位上有8个复等位基因;A、B2个基因不连锁。     

Characterization of seedling proteomes and development of markers to distinguish the Brassica A and C genomes

The diploid species Brassica rapa(genome AA)and B.oleracea(genome CC)were compared by fuU-seale proteome analyses of seedling.A total of 28.2% of the proteins was common to both species,indicating the existence of a basal or ubiquitous proteome.How-ever,a number of discriminating proteins(32.0%)and specific proteins(39.8%)of the Brassica A and C genomes,respectively,were identified,which could represent potentially species-specific functions.Based on these A or C genome-specific proteins,a number of PCR-based markers to distinguish B.rapa and B.oleracea species were also developed.     

二倍体鲫鲤F2产生不同倍性卵子的证据

在检测到鲫鲤F2产生3种不同大小(直径分别为0.13 cm,0.17cm和0.2 cm)类型的卵子基础上,进行了F2(♀)×红鲫(♂)及F2(♀)×四倍体鲫鲤(♂)的交配实验.通过染色体计数和流式细胞仪分析,在F2(♀)×红鲫(♂)后代中获得了四倍体、三倍体、二倍体鱼;在F2(♀)×四倍体鲫鲤(♂)后代中获得了四倍体和三倍体鱼.这两个交配组合后代中出现的不同倍性的鱼类为证明鲫鲤F2能产生三倍体、二倍体和单倍体卵子提供了进一步证据.F2(♀)×红鲫(♂)中雄性四倍体鱼的存在说明在四倍体后代中存在基因型为XXXY的个体.对上述两个交配组合后代的四倍体鱼和三倍体鱼的性腺结构观察表明四倍体鱼是可育的,而三倍体鱼是不育的.作者认为鲫鲤F2能够产生二倍体和三倍体卵子与核内复制机制和生殖细胞的融合有关.