Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

美巨资扶植生物燃料产业高昂成本为发展障碍

美国政府斥资数十亿美元扶植以植物为原材料生产燃料乙醇的产业，但高昂的成本恐将令起步阶段受阻。     

肝素钠的生产及其存在的问题及解决的方法（Ⅱ）

本文就粗品肝素钠生产的原料控制硬件设施管理和环保等方面进行了论述，介绍了一些改进的方法和措施，并就该方面的的一些问题进行了探讨，提出了解决的方法。     

不同海拔地区种植的水稻地上部干物质的生产和分配

根据1983—1985年“高原水稻高产栽培的生理生态规律研究”中低热的元江(海拔400米左右)、温凉的昆明(约1900米)和冷凉的丽江(约2400米)的资料,以六个处理、十八个小区、三年总平均值,比较了不同海拔地区种植的水稻中地上部干物质生产和分配的总趋势。主要结果如下: 1.全生育期总的干物质生产量以温凉地区最高,低热地区居中,冷凉地区最低。 2.抽穗前干物质生产速率和齐穗期干物重占黄熟期干物重的比例随海拔降低而增加;抽穗期至黄熟期干物质生产速率,以温凉地区最高,低热地区居中,冷凉地区最低,但低热地区低于前期,高海拔地区高于前期,不过冷凉的丽江增加的更多。 3.抽穗前(旗叶完全展开后)叶干重占当时植株总干重的比例,随海拔升高而降低。 4.抽穗期至黄熟期的次库(茎 叶鞘)干重的改变,不同海拔地区种植的水稻表现不同:低热地区减重,温凉地区稍增,冷凉地区明显增加。 5.与高海拔地区种植的水稻相比,在黄熟期低海拔地区的有较高的穗重/总重和穗增重/总增重的比例。另外低海拔地区的穗增重超过总增重。结实率和谷/草比例均随海拔增高而减低。     

氯化镁对运动发酵单胞菌乙醇产率及耗糖的影响

研究了不同氯化镁浓度的合成培养基和复合培养基中,运动发酵单胞菌的乙醇产量及培养基中的残糖量。结果表明,在复合培养基和合成培养基中,乙醇产量最高、残糖量最低的最佳氯化镁浓度分别为0.005mol/L和0.01mol/L。     

酵母的不同显色法的研究

在多年采集分离酵母菌的基础上,本文报道其中43属的600多株主要与担子菌有关的酵母及其他酵母的DBB反应,其中某些菌以往尚未测定过,从而广泛比较了担子菌酵母、子囊菌酵母与某些类酵母的区别。此外在方法上,摸索了其他未见报道的重氮盐的显色效果,发现固红B盐对布掷孢酵母(Bulleta Derx)的反应比DBB更灵敏。同时试验了热碱·乙醇处理细胞的快速DBB测试法,用此法测定某些疑难菌株,结果稳定,可大大缩短测试周期,并适用于多毛有气生菌丝的菌类。     

光对水稻(Oryza sativa)幼苗乙醇酸氧化酶活性的影响

水稻黄化幼苗用白光照射3～5小时后可诱导出乙醇酸氧化酶活性。绿色水稻幼苗在黑暗中乙醇酸氧化酶活性逐渐下降以至消失,再给以照光又恢复酶活性。亚胺环己酮对光的诱导及再诱导均有抑制作用。在黑暗中真空渗入乙醇酸于黄化幼苗可诱导出乙醇酸氧化酶活性,渗入乙醇酸加FMN能使酶活性迅速增强。弱的白光以及红、绿,蓝光均有诱导作用。因此认为光的诱导作用是使黄化幼苗形成乙醇酸——作为诱导物,以诱导乙醇酸氧化酶的新合成。光也可以加速叶组织内FMN的合成,从而提高乙醇酸氧化酶的活性。     

光呼吸代谢物乙醇酸、乙醛酸和草酸对烟草叶片硝酸还原的影响

乙醇酸、乙醛酸和草酸能明显促进烟草(Nicotiana rustica)叶片在黑暗中的硝酸还原,光呼吸抑制剂a-羟基吡啶甲烷磺酸能消除前二者的促进作用而不能完全消除草酸的作用。草酸+NAD~+能显著促进离体的硝酸还原。烟叶提取液加入草酸和NAD~+后生成NADH和CO_2认为活体内由乙醛酸氧化生成的草酸是经脱氢生成NADH供硝酸还原之用。未能证明在烟叶内存在乙醇酸脱氨酶,因此排除由乙醇酸直接脱氢以还原硝酸的可能。