The shift from C-19 to C-21 steroid synthesis in spawning male common carp, Cyprinus carpio, is regulated by the inhibition of androgen production by progestogens produced by spermatozoa

There is a rapid shift in the steroidogenic pathway from androgen to progestogen production in spawning male common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Experiments were conducted to determine the mechanism regulating this shift using in vitro cultures of testicular fragments and isolated sperm of spermiating male carp. The levels of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) continually increased for 48 h with or without gonadotropin (GtH) stimulation, suggesting that 11-KT is the principal androgen produced by carp testes. Ovine prolactin (oPRL) enhanced GtH-stimulated 11-KT production, but by itself had no effect. Gonadotropin, carp pituitary extract, and pregnenolone all enhanced the production of 11-KT, testosterone (T), and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P) in a dose-dependent manner. No 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20 beta-P) was detected in response to any of these agents; 17 alpha,20 alpha-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20 alpha-P) was not measured. Both 17,20 beta-P and 17,20 alpha-P inhibited 11-KT production in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of either GtH, 17-P, or T. Isolated sperm and testicular fragment preparations both produced 17,20 beta-P and approximately tenfold more 17,20 alpha-P when incubated with 17-P. Only testicular fragments, however, produced 11-KT. We conclude that androgen synthesis occurs only within somatic cells of common carp testes. GtH, and perhaps PRL, stimulates the production of steroid precursors that, under normal physiological conditions, are metabolized to androgens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The levels of main urinary metabolite of prostaglandin F1α and F2α in human subjects measured by radioimmunoassay

Radioimmunoassay technique for measuring 5α,7α-dihydroxy-11-keto-tetranorprosta-1,16-dioic acid, the main urinary metabolite of PGF₁α and PGF₂α (PGF₂α-MUM), was further improved.It was postulated based on some experimental data that the PGF₂α-MUM exists in the urine mostly as dioic acid form, not as δ-lactone formThe daily excretion of PGF₂α-MUM in men ranged from 14.43 μg to 36.14 μg and in women from 5.21 μg to 14.25 μg.     

Metabolism of PG in man: Effect of furosemide on the excretion of the main metabolite of PG F2α

The excretion rates of main urinary metabolite of PG F₂α were measured radioimmunologically in 4 healthy persons and in 13 essential hypertensives. The resting values were 9.3±0.73 in the former and 10.4±2.17 ng/min in the latter. There was no significant differences between them. The excretion of the metabolite decresed prominently after the administration of furosemide. The percent decrease was 57% in healthy persons and 70% in essential hypertension. The percent result supports that furosemide inhibit the catabolism of PG F₂α.     

基于遥感数据的植被碳水利用效率时空变化和归因分析

植被碳水利用效率是表征生态系统碳水循环的重要指标。采用MODIS数据,利用Google Earth Engine平台计算植被碳利用效率(Carbon Use Efficiency, CUE)与水利用效率(Water Use Efficiency, WUE)。采用趋势分析、变异系数、R/S分析及偏相关分析等方法,对2000—2020年黄河流域植被CUE与WUE的时空动态进行分析,并探究水热条件对碳水利用效率的影响。结果表明：(1)2000—2020年黄河流域植被碳水利用效率年均值分别为0.61和0.68 gC m^-2 mm^-1;研究时限内,植被CUE呈波动下降趋势,而WUE呈波动上升趋势。(2)空间上,植被CUE呈西高东低分布,WUE相反。不同土地覆被类型的CUE表现为草地>农田>灌丛>森林;WUE表现为：农田>森林>草地>灌丛。(3)总体上,黄河流域植被CUE与温度呈负相关,与降水呈正相关;黄河流域北部植被WUE与温度和降水均呈正相关关系,黄河流域西南部植被WUE与降水负相关;(4)不同土地利用类型中,草地...     

黄土高原次生林演替对团聚体有机碳含量及化学稳定性的影响

次生林演替过程中土壤团聚体有机碳的积累机制和化学稳定性研究较少。为探明次生林演替对土壤团聚体有机碳含量及其化学组成稳定性的影响,选取黄土高原次生白桦林(演替初期),山杨辽东栎混交林(演替中期)和辽东栎林(演替后期)为研究对象,分析演替过程中不同粒径土壤团聚体有机碳含量变化特征。采用傅里叶红外光谱技术(FTRI)测定活性(AC)和非活性(IC)有机碳化学组成,以(IC/AC)作为有机碳化学组成稳定性指标,并分析其影响因素。结果表明:次生林演替过程中土壤团聚体有机碳含量表现出逐渐增加的趋势且各群落间差异显著(P<0.05),以演替后期的中等粒径团聚体为最高(37.63 g/kg)。土壤团聚体AC中多糖体有机碳含量最高(55.87%),而IC中芳香族有机碳含量最高(94.45%),演替过程中IC与AC总体变化趋势均呈现先降后增。IC/AC随着演替的进行呈先降低后升高的趋势,其中演替后期微团聚体有机碳化学组成稳定性最强达到了3.95。微团聚体含量(WM)与土壤全氮、全磷、全钾一起,显著促进了团聚体有机碳化学组成稳定性(P<0.05)。综上,次生林演替有利于促进土壤团聚体有机碳的积累以及有机碳化学稳定,其中微团聚体起到了关键性作用。     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林5种壳斗科植物碳氮磷化学计量特征

壳斗科(Fagaceae)植物是南亚热带常绿阔叶最重要的组成之一,研究其不同树种和器官间碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及计量学特征,对于理解和预测树木生态功能的发挥至关重要。以阴那山省级自然保护区同一森林群落中5种壳斗科植物为研究对象,探讨不同树种及器官间C、N、P含量、化学计量及其相关关系特征。结果表明:(1)器官、树种对植物C、N、P含量及化学计量比均会产生一定影响,二者交互作用显著(除C含量),限制程度为器官>树种。(2)从含量上看,5种壳斗科植物凋落物N普遍高于茎、根,而凋落物P则普遍低于茎、根,幼苗叶片N、P含量均低于成熟乔木叶片;黧蒴锥(Castanopsis fissa)根N、N ∶ P高于其他树种,而根P则低于其他树种。(3)从种间变异系数上看,根系N、C ∶ N、N ∶ P变异系数显著高于其他器官;从器官间变异系数上看,黧蒴锥N、C ∶ N变异系数显著低于其他树种。(4)从树种间和器官间的养分相关关系上看,5种植物绝大部分器官元素间两两相关关系不显著,表明单一器官的养分计量关系不能直接反映其他器官或整树水平的计量关系;器官间C和N、C和P相关关系因树种而异,但N和P关系各树种高度一致。综上,从器官上看,根系N含量、C ∶ N、N ∶ P的种间变异系数最大,可能是不同树种对N、P的吸收存在差异,从而有利于物种共存。从树种上看,黧蒴锥具有更合理的养分分配模式,有利于在群落竞争中保持优势地位。     

辣木资源利用中的悬浮细胞培养体系研究

辣木富含多种营养成分,在食品和药物开发方面有巨大的潜在开发价值。本文提供了一种可行的辣木细胞悬浮培养技术。由辣木的根诱导形成愈伤组织和叶诱导形成愈伤组织的合适细胞悬浮培养条件分别为MS培养基(MS)+1.0mg/L 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)+1.0mg/L激动素(KT)和MS+0.5mg/L 2,4-D+0.5mg/L KT,摇床转速均为50~100r/min,将愈伤组织添加到液体悬浮培养基中20d左右可得到大量悬浮细胞。本研究为辣木细胞水平的培养和研究提供了一条途径,为辣木潜在价值的开发利用提供新的思路。     

北京市湿地生态补偿标准研究

确定合理的湿地生态补偿标准是构建有效湿地生态补偿机制的关键。以北京市境内的湿地为研究对象,利用DPSIR模型明晰北京市湿地生态补偿的机理;基于问卷调查数据,分别利用二元Logistic模型和Tobit模型对影响受调查者受偿态度和受偿意愿的相关因素进行分析;运用条件价值法以及考虑时间价值和经济社会发展阶段的修正湿地生态系统服务价值确定最终的生态补偿标准,并对北京市制定湿地生态补偿机制提出了政策建议。研究结果表明：（1）北京市合理的湿地生态补偿标准为2.728×10⁴-4.84×10⁴元hm^-2a^-1;（2）地区差异、受调查者对湿地保护政策的了解程度以及湿地与社区之间的关系显著影响其受偿态度;（3）地区差异、年龄、受教育程度、家庭收入情况、对生态补偿的了解程度显著影响其受偿意愿;（4）为减少将来推进湿地生态补偿过程中可能遭遇的潜在阻碍,北京市应该加强湿地保护相关政策的宣传普及工作,注重对基层政策落实情况的监督,协调湿地政策与社区的关系;（5）有必要结合地区特征制定差异化的湿地生态补偿标准。研究结果可为今后北京市探索建立湿地生态补偿机制、提升湿地保护效率提供科学数据和理论参考。