用纸浆代棉花合成CMC

羧甲基纤维素(CMC)系天然纤维素的衍生物。它是由天然纤维素分子上引入强极性羧甲基钠而得到的。我们采用纸浆为原料替代棉花生产CMC,测试了其性能,并讨论了反应温度、反应时间和碱用量对粘度的影响。结果表明:此法简化了工艺,原料来源广泛,产品性能优良,成本低,能满足使用要求。     

TWO TYPES OF AUXILIARY CELL AMPULLAE IN GRATELOUPIA (HALYMENIACEAE,RHODOPHYTA), INCLUDING G. TAIWANENSIS SP. NOV. AND G. ORIENTALIS SP. NOV. FROM TAIWAN BASED ON rbcL GENE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS AND CYSTOCARP DEVELOPMENT1

Few species in the genus Grateloupia have been investigated in detail with respect to the development of the auxiliary cell ampullae before or after diploidization. In this study, we document the vegetative and reproductive structures of two new species of Grateloupia, G. taiwanensis S.‐M. Lin et H.‐Y. Liang sp. nov. and G. orientalis S.‐M. Lin et H.‐Y. Liang sp. nov., plus a third species, G. ramosissima Okamura, from Taiwan. Two distinct patterns are reported for the development of the auxiliary cell ampullae: (1) ampullae consisting of three orders of unbranched filaments that branch after diploidization of the auxiliary cell and form a pericarp together with the surrounding secondary medullary filaments (G. taiwanensis type), and (2) ampullae composed of only two orders of unbranched filaments in which only a few cells are incorporated into a basal fusion cell after diploization of the auxiliary cell and the pericarp consists almost entirely of secondary medullary filaments (G. orientalis type). G. orientalis is positioned in a large clade based on rbcL gene sequence analysis that includes the type species of Grateloupia C. Agardh 1822 , G. filicina. G. taiwanensis clusters with a clade that includes the generitype of Phyllymenia J. Agardh 1848 , Ph. belangeri from South Africa; that of Prionitis J. Agardh 1851 , Pr. lanceolata from Pacific North America; and that of Pachymeniopsis Y. Yamada ex Kawab. 1954, Pa. lanceolata from Japan. A reexamination of the type species of the genera Grateloupia, Phyllymenia, Prionitis, and Pachymeniopsis is required to clarify the generic and interspecific relationships among the species presently placed in Grateloupia.     

PKC and MEK pathways inhibit caspase-9/-3-mediated cytotoxicity in differentiated cells

Many studies have indicated that differentiated cells inhibit drug-induced cytotoxicity but undifferentiated cells do not, though the mechanisms are unclear. Currently, HL-60 cells are induced to differentiate into macrophage-like cells with Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA) treatment (TPA-differentiated cells). Our study shows that caspase-9/-3-mediated cytotoxicity can be induced in undifferentiated HL-60 cells but not in TPA-differentiated HL-60 cells. However, caspase-9/-3-mediated cytotoxicity can be induced in TPA-differentiated cells if they are pretreated with a protein kinase C (PKC) or a mitogen activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor. Taken together, this study demonstrates that TPA-differentiated HL-60 cells inhibit caspases-9/-3-mediated cytotoxicity through the PKC and MEK signaling pathways.     

多药耐药基因Mdr1 RNA探针的构建及初步临床应用

检测Mdrl基因表达水平可预测白血病化疗效果,用原位杂交的方法可检测Mdrl在单个细胞的表达水平。本文用Rt-PCR的方法获得了一段特异的cDNA片段,将其克隆到PGEM4Z载体中,经DNA序列分析证明与文献报道一致,采用地高辛素（DIG）RNA标记试剂盒制备反义RNA探针,已初步用于临床骨髓涂片标本的原位杂交检测。     

Synergistic anti-tumor activity of isochaihulactone and paclitaxel on human lung cancer cells

Drug resistance frequently develops in tumors during chemotherapy. Therefore, to improve the clinical outcome, more effective and tolerable combination treatment strategies are needed. Here, we show that isochaihulactone (K8) enhanced paclitaxel-induced apoptotic death in human lung cancer cells, and the enhancing effect was related to increased NSAID-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) expression. CalcuSyn software was used to evaluate the synergistic interaction of K8 and paclitaxel on human lung cancer cells; the synergistic effect of K8 in combination with paclitaxel was increased more than either of these drugs alone. Furthermore, the activity of ERK1/2 was enhanced by the combination of K8 and paclitaxel, and an ERK1/2 inhibitor dramatically inhibited NAG-1 expression in human lung cancer cells. Therefore, this synergistic apoptotic effect in human lung cancer cells may be directly associated with K8-induced NAG-1 expression through ERK1/2 activation. Moreover, over-expression of NAG-1 enhanced K8/paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. In addition, treatment of nude mice with K8 combined with paclitaxel induced phospho-ERK1/2 and NAG-1 expression in vivo. Targeting of NAG-1 signaling could enhance therapeutic efficacy in lung cancer. Our results reveal that activation of NAG-1 by K8 enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel in human lung cancer cells via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.     

High-resolution functional profiling of hepatitis C virus genome

Hepatitis C virus is a leading cause of human liver disease worldwide. Recent discovery of the JFH-1 isolate, capable of infecting cell culture, opens new avenues for studying HCV replication. We describe the development of a high-throughput, quantitative, genome-scale, mutational analysis system to study the HCV cis-elements and protein domains that are essential for virus replication. An HCV library with 15-nucleotide random insertions was passaged in cell culture to examine the effect of insertions at each genome location by insertion-specific fluorescent-PCR profiling. Of 2399 insertions identified in 9517 nucleotides of the genome, 374, 111, and 1914 were tolerated, attenuating, and lethal, respectively, for virus replication. Besides identifying novel functional domains, this approach confirmed other functional domains consistent with previous studies. The results were validated by testing several individual mutant viruses. Furthermore, analysis of the 3' non-translated variable region revealed a spacer role in virus replication, demonstrating the utility of this approach for functional discovery. The high-resolution functional profiling of HCV domains lays the foundation for further mechanistic studies and presents new therapeutic targets as well as topological information for designing vaccine candidates.     

水热波动和土地覆盖变化对东北地区植被NPP的相对影响

研究水热波动和土地覆盖变化对植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）的影响对于估算陆地碳循环及其驱动机制具有重要意义。利用MODIS遥感影像获得的时间序列NPP和土地覆盖产品,结合气象观测数据（气温和降水）,采用相关分析、回归分析和空间分析相结合的方法,研究2000-2015年东北地区植被NPP的时空变化特征,并定量评估水热波动和土地覆盖变化对该地区植被NPP的相对影响。研究结果表明,2000-2015年东北地区植被NPP呈波动上升趋势,从2000年的369.24 g C m^-2 a^-1增加到2015年的453.84 g C m^-2 a^-1,平均值是412.10 g C m^-2 a^-1,年际增加速率为4.54 g C m^-2 a^-1。近16年来东北地区年均植被NPP空间上呈现南高北低、东高西低的分布格局,整体变化趋势以增加为主,其中轻微增加面积占该地区总面积的45.9%。不同土地覆盖类型的年均NPP差异明显,其中灌木最高为400.34 g C m^-2 a^-1,草地最低为300.49 g C m^-2 a^-1。东北地区植被NPP与气温的相关性不明显,而与降水量主要表现为正效应。水热波动对该地区不同土地覆盖类型NPP总量变化的贡献大于土地覆盖变化的贡献,其中对森林和农田的贡献最大,均达到70%以上。     

Identification of metabolism-associated molecular subtype in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynaecological cancer with genomic complexity and extensive heterogeneity. This study aimed to characterize the molecular features of OC based on the gene expression profile of 2752 previously characterized metabolism-relevant genes and provide new strategies to improve the clinical status of patients with OC. Finally, three molecular subtypes (C1, C2 and C3) were identified. The C2 subtype displayed the worst prognosis, upregulated immune-cell infiltration status and expression level of immune checkpoint genes, lower burden of copy number gains and losses and suboptimal response to targeted drug bevacizumab. The C1 subtype showed downregulated immune-cell infiltration status and expression level of immune checkpoint genes, the lowest incidence of BRCA mutation and optimal response to targeted drug bevacizumab. The C3 subtype had an intermediate immune status, the highest incidence of BRCA mutation and a secondary optimal response to bevacizumab. Gene signatures of C1 and C2 subtypes with an opposite expression level were mainly enriched in proteolysis and immune-related biological process. The C3 subtype was mainly enriched in the T cell-related biological process. The prognostic and immune status of subtypes were validated in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset, which was predicted with a 45-gene classifier. These findings might improve the understanding of the diversity and therapeutic strategies for OC.     

不同浓度舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因鞘内注射在剖宫产术后镇痛中的应用评价

目的：探讨不同浓度舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因鞘内注射应用于剖宫产术后镇痛的有效性及安全性。方法：将1460例行剖宫产术患者随机分为A组（489例）、B组（501例）和C组（470例）。所有患者均采用腰硬联合阻滞,分别给予0.3μg/mL、0.4μg/mL、0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼配伍0.1%盐酸罗哌卡因。结果：B组、C组术后2h、8h、12h VAS评分显著低于A组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而该时间点B组、C组VAS评分比较则无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。三组术后24h VAS评分比较均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。B组、C组术后镇痛泵按压有效率较A组显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而B组、C组比较则无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。A组和B组不良反应的发生率分别8.0%和10.2%,显著低于C组20.2%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：0.4μg/mL舒芬太尼＋0.1%盐酸罗哌卡因应用于剖宫产术后镇痛,可有效缓解术后早期的疼痛,并减少不良反应。