Real Time Measures of Prestin Charge and Fluorescence during Plasma Membrane Trafficking Reveal Sub-Tetrameric Activity

Prestin (SLC26a5) is the outer hair cell integral membrane motor protein that drives cochlear amplification, and has been described as an obligate tetramer. We studied in real time the delivery of YFP-prestin to the plasma membrane of cells from a tetracycline-inducible cell line. Following the release of temperature block to reinstate trans Golgi network delivery of the integral membrane protein, we measured nonlinear capacitance (NLC) and membrane fluorescence during voltage clamp. Prestin was delivered exponentially to the plasma membrane with a time constant of less than 10 minutes, with both electrical and fluorescence methods showing high temporal correlation. However, based on disparity between estimates of prestin density derived from either fluorescence or NLC, we conclude that sub-tetrameric forms of prestin contribute to our electrical and fluorescence measures. Thus, in agreement with previous observations we find that functional prestin is not an obligate tetramer.     

水土保持林土壤改良效益评价研究

森林效益评价是目前林业研究的热点,也是难点问题,通过评价水土保持林土壤改良效益,对效益评价的方法和思路进行了探索。指出水土保持林土壤改良效益指标体系的总目标层为效益评价综合指数,准则层包括土壤肥力、抗蚀性能和抗冲性能３个方面,指标层由水稳性团聚体含量、有机质含量、土壤酶活性、ｐＨ值、平均重量直径、团聚度、分散率、土壤硬度和渗透系数构成。在计算效益评价综合指数时,首先要对各项指标的实测数据进行处理,     

丰水期长江感潮河口段网采浮游植物的分布与长期变化

于2009年6、8月对长江口门至江阴的河口段浮游植物进行了拖网采集,共检出浮游植物6门99属239种。其中:硅藻123种,甲藻19种,绿藻和蓝藻各42种,裸藻9种,黄藻4种。河口段网采浮游植物丰度以蓝藻占绝对优势,硅藻次之,两者合计在群落中的比例超过了95%。优势种也主要以蓝藻(水华鱼腥藻Anabaena flos-aquae、柔软腔球藻Coelosphaerium kuetzingiarum、微囊藻Microcystis spp.、颤藻Oscillatoria spp.和席藻Phorimidium spp.)构成,硅藻仅有2种(骨条藻Skeletonema spp.和颗粒直链藻Aulacoseira granulata)。口门内盐度均<0.5,群落基本以淡水类群为主,口门附近则以半咸水类群为主,海水类群主要位于口门外(盐度>13)。随着水温和营养盐水平的升高,8月浮游植物平均丰度(347.75×10⁴ 个/m³)明显高于6月(204.19×10⁴ 个/m³)。根据多维尺度和相似性分析,丰水期长江河口段浮游植物群落组成与分布存在显著(P<0.01)的时空差异。对比20世纪80年代以来的历史资料发现,长江口门内网采浮游植物丰度显著升高,且优势种也从硅藻(骨条藻、直链藻和圆筛藻)转变为蓝藻(颤藻、鱼腥藻和微囊藻)。     

Phage endolysins are adapted to specific hosts and are evolutionarily dynamic

Endolysins are produced by (bacterio)phages to rapidly degrade the bacterial cell wall and release new viral particles. Despite sharing a common function, endolysins present in phages that infect a specific bacterial species can be highly diverse and vary in types, number, and organization of their catalytic and cell wall binding domains. While much is now known about the biochemistry of phage endolysins, far less is known about the implication of their diversity on phage–host adaptation and evolution. Using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, we could genetically exchange a subset of different endolysin genes into distinct lactococcal phage genomes. Regardless of the type and biochemical properties of these endolysins, fitness costs associated to their genetic exchange were marginal if both recipient and donor phages were infecting the same bacterial strain, but gradually increased when taking place between phage that infect different strains or bacterial species. From an evolutionary perspective, we observed that endolysins could be naturally exchanged by homologous recombination between phages coinfecting a same bacterial strain. Furthermore, phage endolysins could adapt to their new phage/host environment by acquiring adaptative mutations. These observations highlight the remarkable ability of phage lytic systems to recombine and adapt and, therefore, explain their large diversity and mosaicism. It also indicates that evolution should be considered to act on functional modules rather than on bacteriophages themselves. Furthermore, the extensive degree of evolvability observed for phage endolysins offers new perspectives for their engineering as antimicrobial agents.

Endolysins are produced by bacteriophages to degrade the host cell wall and release new particles, but the implications of their diversity on phage-host adaptation and evolution is unknown. This study uses CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to reveal novel insights into bacteriophage endolysin diversity and phage-bacteria interactions as well as into endolysin adaptation towards a new bacterial host.     

城市“源-汇”热景观变化及其空间作用强度特征——以深圳西部地区为例

城市热岛作为一种整体涌现性的地球表层系统环境问题受到地理学和景观生态学的广泛关注,基于空间异质性对城市冷热岛影响方面的研究初步揭示了城市热环境的形成机制,然而城市冷热岛在空间上是否存在相互影响及相互作用强度还有待研究。以深圳市西部城市区为例,应用地表温度和景观分类数据,通过构建二维矩阵识别"源-汇"热景观,并采用"源-汇"热贡献指数和空间引力模型等方法定量分析了城市"源-汇"热景观的演变过程,"源-汇"热贡献程度的时空分异特征,以及两者在空间上的整体相互作用强度及演变特征。结果表明：（1）1988-2019年,城市热源、汇在空间上呈现由包围到反包围的变化,热源景观呈现基质化,其面积增长210.45%;热汇景观则表现为破碎化趋势,其面积减少48.07%。与之对应的热汇景观地表温度与区域的平均温度的温差逐渐增大,从1988年的0.49℃上升到2019年的1.91℃。（2）源、汇对热环境的贡献规模呈增长趋势,热源景观的贡献程度会随着热岛规模从零星状向区域化的转变过程中提升,形成温度聚集效果;而热汇景观的贡献程度会随着冷岛规模的破碎化过程中被抑制。（3）1988-2019年"源-汇"热景观的作用对基本保持稳定,但总作用强度发生了显著的变化,30年间增长了8倍。从热汇景观一对多影响热源景观转变为热源景观一对多影响热汇景观,且作用强度也越来越强。研究发现城市热"源-汇"的空间相互作用强度与"源-汇"热景观的贡献程度有密切关联,因此控制热源景观规模和维护热汇景观规模对调控城市热环境,对提升城市居民生活质量有重要意义。     

耐钙心肌细胞的分离和电生理特性观察

用快速、恒压的无钙和胶原酶Ｔｙｒｏｄｅ液相继灌流豚鼠心脏冠脉系统后,再经无钙液室温浸泡心脏和用改变的Ｋ－Ｂ液帮助分离细胞的恢复,可获得耐钙的游离心肌细胞。全细胞电流记录：静息电位为－７２±９ｍＶ（ｎ＝１２）,并显示出快内向电流（ＩＮａ）,可被异搏定阻断的慢钙离子流和时间依赖性外向钾流（Ｉｋ）;单通道记录分别显示了Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋和Ｋ＋通道的电压依赖性等特征。结果表明了用此法分离的细胞具有耐钙性和正常电生理特性。     

白血病患者的肤纹研究

本文分析了l70名经骨髓检查确诊的白血病患者肤纹形态的手纹部分,数据经电子计算机进行判别分析,指纹类型的判对率为52.58±2.67％。根据掌褶类型判别时,其判对率为57±3.8％。指纹类型在判别急非淋患者及正常人时有显著性。掌褶类型的判别力对急非淋及慢粒患者有显著性。慢粒患者猿线出现率高于正常组。急淋患者右手悉尼线出现率高于正常组。此悉尼线在判别分析中有显著意义。急性白血病患者的弓斗指数高于对照组。白血病患者组掌纹白线的出现率也高于正常组。     

大鼠脂肪间充质干细胞诱导为类肝细胞及其细胞片的制备

成体多能干细胞,如来自骨髓和脂肪组织的间充质干细胞等具有多向分化的潜能。虽然自体干细胞移植已经发展成为器官移植的有效代替疗法之一,但是由于移植位点细胞的流失和分化条件的限制等问题使得这种疗法的效率大大降低。本研究目的是将由脂肪干细胞分化而来的类肝细胞制备成具有稳定细胞性状的可移植的肝细胞片。首先在体外分离扩增脂肪干细胞,并通过控制严格地分化条件获得类肝细胞。然后将此细胞接种到聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAAm)结合的细胞培养皿表面,通过调节培养温度到20oC,使细胞成片脱离培养皿形成细胞片。对细胞片进行了常规HE染色和免疫组化观察,结果显示:这类细胞片中平均含有2～3层细胞,并且保持了细胞外基质的完整。同传统的胰酶消化收集移植用细胞相比,细胞片方法极大地减少了对移植用细胞的细胞膜和细胞外基质的损伤,这将大大促进细胞片和原位组织的相互作用,增加细胞利用效率,从而有望提高治疗效果。     

宁夏引黄灌区秸秆还田对麦田土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

以宁夏引黄灌区为例,探索秸秆还田条件下冬小麦土壤硝态氮淋失规律。试验设置常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥条件下施用4500kg/hm2(T1,半量还田)和9000 kg/hm2(T2,全量还田)秸秆3个处理。利用树脂芯法吸附10、20、30、60cm和90cm土层的硝态氮流失量。结果表明:硝态氮(纯N)淋失量6.26—12.85 kg/hm2,是冬小麦施用化肥氮量的2.78%—5.71%。与对照CK相比,T1和T2在10cm土层减少0.09%和3.97%;20cm土层减少8.51%和9.81%;30cm土层减少2.25%和10.34%;60cm土层减少23.85%和13.08%;90cm土层减少27.65%和20.73%。10cm和20cm土层,处理与对照以及处理之间均未到显著性差异(P0.05);30cm处理,T1与CK以及T1与T2未达到显著性差异,但T2与CK达到显著性差异表明全量还田效果最好;60cm土层,处理与对照、以及处理之间均达到显著性差异;90cm土层,处理与对照之间达到显著性差异,处理之间未达到显著性差异。硝态氮淋失主要发生在冬小麦返青至灌浆期间,占全生育期淋失量的52.95%—67.79%。T1、T2冬小麦产量增产率分别为10.11%与11.51%。可见,稻秆还田能够减少灌区土壤硝态氮淋失量。     

海洋细菌抗菌和细胞毒活性的初步研究

从不同海域的生物、海水和海泥中分离海洋细菌,利用琼脂扩散法和MTT法对细菌培养液的乙酸乙酯提取物进行了抗菌和细胞毒活性筛选。比较了活性菌株与来源的相关性．结果表明,在分离的341株海洋细菌中。42株细菌的代谢产物具有抗菌活性,7株具有细胞毒活性,其中来源于海洋无脊椎动物和海藻的活性菌株比例(22％和11％)大于来源于海水和海泥的细菌(7％和5％)．细菌分类鉴定结果显示,具有活性的细菌大部分属于假单胞菌属、发光杆菌属、梭状芽孢杆菌属、交替单胞菌属和黄杆菌属．