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1.
Inman M. D.; Hughson R. L.; Weisiger K. H.; Swanson G. D. 《Journal of applied physiology》1987,63(4):1578-1585
A mathematical model has been developed that permitted the calculation of the flow-weighted mean tissue O2 consumption (VO2T) at the onset of a step increase in work rate. From breath-by-breath measurements of alveolar O2 consumption (VO2A) and cardiac output (Q) by impedance cardiography and assumptions about the site of depletion of O2 stores, the rate of change in O2 stores (VO2s) was determined. The sum of VO2A + VO2s = VO2T. Six very fit males performed six repetitions of each of two step increases in work rate. STlo was a transition from rest to 100-W cycling; SThi was a transition from 100- to 200-W cycling. For each work rate transition, the responses of VO2A and Q were averaged over the six repetitions of each subject and the model was solved to yield VO2T. The responses of VO2A, VO2T, and Q after the increase in work rate were fit with a monoexponential function. This function included a time constant and time delay, the sum of which gave the mean response time (MRT). In the STlo test, the MRT of VO2A (24.9 +/- 1.1 s, mean +/- SE) was longer than that of VO2T (15.3 +/- 1.3 s) and of Q (16.5 +/- 6.5 s) (P less than 0.05). The MRT of VO2T and Q did not differ significantly. Also for SThi, the MRT of VO2A (34.4 +/- 3.3 s) was significantly longer than that of VO2T (30.0 +/- 3.4 s) (P less than 0.05). The MRT of VO2T and Q (30.3 +/- 5.5 s) were not significantly different at this work rate either.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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Oligomycin sensitivity conferral protein (OSCP), factor 6 (F6), and ATPase inhibitor protein are all components of the ATP synthase complex of bovine mitochondria. They are encoded in nuclear DNA. Complementary DNA clones encoding the precursors of these proteins have been isolated from a bovine library by using mixtures of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes, and their DNA sequences have been determined. The deduced protein sequences show that the OSCP, F6, and inhibitor proteins have N-terminal presequences of 23, 32, and 25 amino acids, respectively. These presequences are not present in the mature proteins. It is assumed that they serve to direct the proteins into the mitochondrial matrix. The cDNA clones have also been employed as hybridization probes to investigate the genetic complexity of the three proteins in cows and humans. These experiments indicate that the bovine and human inhibitor and bovine F6 proteins are encoded by single genes but suggest the possibility of the presence in both species of more than one gene (or pseudogenes) for the OSCP. 相似文献
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Studies in biodiversity-ecosystem function and conservation biology have led to the development of diversity indices that take species' functional differences into account. We identify two broad classes of indices: those that monotonically increase with species richness (MSR indices) and those that weight the contribution of each species by abundance or occurrence (weighted indices). We argue that weighted indices are easier to estimate without bias but tend to ignore information provided by rare species. Conversely, MSR indices fully incorporate information provided by rare species but are nearly always underestimated when communities are not exhaustively surveyed. This is because of the well-studied fact that additional sampling of a community may reveal previously undiscovered species. We use the rarefaction technique from species richness studies to address sample-size-induced bias when estimating functional diversity indices. Rarefaction transforms any given MSR index into a family of unbiased weighted indices, each with a different level of sensitivity to rare species. Thus rarefaction simultaneously solves the problem of bias and the problem of sensitivity to rare species. We present formulae and algorithms for conducting a functional rarefaction analysis of the two most widely cited MSR indices: functional attribute diversity (FAD) and Petchey and Gaston's functional diversity (FD). These formulae also demonstrate a relationship between three seemingly unrelated functional diversity indices: FAD, FD and Rao's quadratic entropy. Statistical theory is also provided in order to prove that all desirable statistical properties of species richness rarefaction are preserved for functional rarefaction. 相似文献
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Experiments were performed on isolated salt-perfused rat lungs to determine the receptor type(s) responsible for the pulmonary vascular effects of the neurohypophyseal peptides arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin. Bolus administration of AVP to lungs preconstricted with the thromboxane mimetic U-46619 resulted in a dose-dependent vasodilatory response (approximately 65% reversal of U-46619-induced vasoconstriction at the highest dose tested) that was blocked by pretreatment with a selective V1- but not by a selective V2-vasopressinergic receptor antagonist. Administration of a selective V1-agonist to the preconstricted pulmonary vasculature resulted in a vasodilatory response similar to that observed with AVP (approximately 55% reversal of U-46619 vasoconstriction), which was blocked by prior administration of the selective V1-receptor antagonist. Administration of the selective V2-receptor agonist desmopressin to the preconstricted pulmonary vasculature resulted in a small (approximately 8% reversal of U-46619 vasoconstriction) vasodilatory response that was, nevertheless, greater than that produced by addition of vehicle alone and was attenuated by pretreatment with a selective V2-receptor antagonist. Finally, oxytocin also caused vasodilation in the preconstricted pulmonary vasculature; however, the potency of oxytocin was approximately 1% of AVP, and the vasodilation produced by oxytocin was blocked by prior administration of a selective V1-receptor antagonist, suggesting that oxytocin acts via V1-vasopressinergic receptor stimulation. We conclude from these experiments that AVP and oxytocin dilate the preconstricted pulmonary vasculature primarily via stimulation of V1-vasopressinergic receptors. V2-receptor stimulation results in a minor vasodilatory response, although its physiological significance is unclear. 相似文献
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An oligomycin-sensitive F1F0-ATPase isolated from bovine heart mitochondria has been reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles and pumps protons. this preparation of F1F0-ATPase contains 14 different polypeptides that are resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, and so it is more complex than bacterial and chloroplast enzymes, which have eight or nine different subunits. The 14 bovine subunits have been characterized by protein sequence analysis. They have been fractionated on polyacrylamide gels and transferred to poly(vinylidene difluoride) membranes, and N-terminal sequences have been determined in nine of them. By comparison with known sequences, eight of these have been identified as subunits beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon, which together with the alpha subunit form the F1 domain, as the b and c (or DCCD-reactive) subunits, both components of the membrane sector of the enzyme, and as the oligomycin sensitivity conferral protein (OSCP) and factor 6 (F6), both of which are required for attachment of F1 to the membrane sector. The sequence of the ninth, named subunit e, has been determined and is not related to any reported protein sequence. The N-terminal sequence of a tenth subunit, the membrane component A6L, could be determined after a mild acid treatment to remove an alpha-N-formyl group. Similar experiments with another membrane component, the a or ATPase-6 subunit, caused the protein to degrade, but the protein has been isolated from the enzyme complex and its position on gels has been unambiguously assigned. No N-terminal sequence could be derived from three other proteins. The largest of these is the alpha subunit, which previously has been shown to have pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid at the N terminus of the majority of its chains. The other two have been isolated from the enzyme complex; one of them is the membrane-associated protein, subunit d, which has an alpha-N-acetyl group, and the second, surprisingly, is the ATPase inhibitor protein. When it is isolated directly from mitochondrial membranes, the inhibitor protein has a frayed N terminus, with chains starting at residues 1, 2, and 3, but when it is isolated from the purified enzyme complex, its chains are not frayed and the N terminus is modified. Previously, the sequences at the N terminals of the alpha, beta, and delta subunits isolated from F1-ATPase had been shown to be frayed also, but in the F1F0 complex they each have unique N-terminal sequences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) 相似文献
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W. H. Inman 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1994,309(6954):608-609