北京市5种园林树木蒸腾作用模拟研究

通过对北京市园林5种常用乔木,国槐（Sophora japonica）、银杏（Ginkgo biloba）、白蜡（Fraxinus chinensis）、杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides）和臭椿（Ailanthus altissima）等植物蒸腾作用与周围环境气象因子（温度、湿度、太阳有效辐射）及植株叶面积指数相关关系的研究,利用Javis公式计算冠层气孔阻力,同时采用PM公式计算冠层蒸腾速率和植株日蒸腾量,并分析不同乔木的冠层气孔导度对环境主要驱动因子的响应规律。结果表明：5种被观测乔木中,国槐耗水量最大,白蜡耗水量最小,植株蒸腾量大小依次为国槐〉银杏〉杜仲〉臭椿〉白蜡（P＜0．01）。植物叶片气孔导度及蒸腾量与环境驱动因子太阳辐射及水气压亏缺的相关关系表明,在土壤水分条件较好时,国槐长势优于其它4种乔木,但是其对水分的利用不够经济,在干旱的情况下不能有效节水。     

盐碱戈壁药用植物骆驼刺内生菌的分离、培养与鉴定

骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.)是新疆民间常用药用植物。为了解骆驼刺内生菌的多样性,获得骆驼刺的内生菌资源,本实验在新疆维吾尔克拉玛依盐碱戈壁(北纬45°16’,东经85°2’)采集骆驼刺。利用常规平板分离方法进行植物内生菌菌株的分离、培养,测定菌株16S r DNA基因序列,并结合系统发育分析进行鉴定。从骆驼刺中共分离到可培养内生菌50株,分属于葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、芽胞八叠球菌属(Sporosarcina)、微杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、气球菌属(Aerococcus)、巨型球菌属(Macrococcus)、多米杆菌(Domibacillus)、巴尔加瓦菌属(Bhargavaea)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、棒杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、考克菌属(Kocuria)、细杆菌属(Microbacterium)、副球菌属(Paracoccus)、马西利亚菌属(Massilia)和耐辐射球菌属(Deinococcus)15个菌属。其中葡萄球菌属占绝对优势,其次为芽胞杆菌属,为环境和植物当中广泛存在的菌属,分离获得的其他细菌与骆驼刺生长环境(盐渍化严重,高辐射)有关,内生菌多样性与骆驼刺在新疆干旱、寒冷、盐碱土壤环境中的适应性机制具有密切的联系。     

强筋与弱筋小麦籽粒蛋白质组分与加工品质对灌浆期弱光的响应

选用强筋小麦品种济麦20和弱筋小麦品种山农1391,在大田试验条件下,分别于籽粒灌浆前期(花后6—9 d)、中期(花后16—19 d)和后期(花后26—29 d)对小麦进行弱光照处理,研究了籽粒产量、蛋白质组分及加工品质的变化。灌浆期弱光显著降低小麦籽粒产量,灌浆中期对济麦20和灌浆后期对山农1391的产量降幅最大。弱光处理后,籽粒氮素积累量及氮素收获指数减少。但弱光使籽粒蛋白质含量显著升高,其中灌浆中期弱光升幅最大,原因可能是由于其粒重降低造成的。弱光对可溶性谷蛋白无显著影响,但增加不溶性谷蛋白含量,使谷蛋白聚合指数显著升高,面团形成时间和稳定时间亦升高,籽粒灌浆中、后期弱光对上述指标的影响较前期大。灌浆期短暂的弱光照对改善强筋小麦粉质仪参数有利,但使弱筋小麦变劣;并均伴随籽粒产量的显著降低这一不利影响。     

DNA sequencing: the key to unveiling genome

正The genome, containing total genetic material in the organism, i.e., DNA, and RNA for some viruses, encodes the information needed for all life activity. Besides the DNA in cell nucleus, mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA are also important components of the genome. Using high-throughput sequencing, a tremendous amount of genomic data has been obtained. Currently, 1,704 archaeal, 26,075 bacterial,     

Lower Emsian biostratigraphy and event stratigraphy of Ha Giang Province,northern Vietnam

A new species of rugose coral, Sanidophyllum dubium n. sp., and the typical Emsian (Early Devonian) rugose coral Xystriphylloides nobilis are described from the Mia Le Formation in northern Vietnam. The lower Emsian index conodonts ranging from the Polygnathus excavatus zone to the P. nothoperbonus zone are illustrated. The biostratigraphic correlation between northern Vietnam and South China shows that the Mia Le Formation in northern Vietnam is early Emsian in age, and its upper part can be correlated with the lower part of the Shizhou Member of the Yukiang Formation in Liujing, Guangxi and its equivalents in South China. Based on the study of the lower Emsian biostratigraphic sequence, the disappearance of Xystriphylloides nobilis fauna in the overlying bed of the uppermost Mia Le Formation and the extinction of the “tonkinensis fauna” (sensu lato) in the interval between the basal Si Phai Formation and the uppermost Mia Le Formation demonstrate the influence of the Yujiang Event in northern Vietnam.     

网隔栽培法对生姜姜瘟病防治及产量的影响

姜瘟病是由青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstoniasolanacearum)引起的一种细菌性病害,被称为生姜种植产业的“癌症”.本试验设计了一种“网隔栽培法”,并探索其对土传姜瘟病发病率和生姜产量的影响.结果表明,经过连续3年的田间验证,相比传统栽培法,“网隔栽培法”种植可显著降低姜瘟病的发病率,平均减少了6.08个百分点,平均防治效果达到了48.33%;同时,生姜产量平均增加了13.21%.这种“短行播种、纵横开沟、深沟隔病”的“网隔栽培法”为姜瘟病的绿色防控提供了新方案,也为其他蔬菜、中药材等植物的土传病害防治提供了新的借鉴思路.     

Racial Disparities in the Use of Cardiac Revascularization: Does Local Hospital Capacity Matter?

Objective

To assess the extent to which the observed racial disparities in cardiac revascularization use can be explained by the variation across counties where patients live, and how the within-county racial disparities is associated with the local hospital capacity.

Data Sources

Administrative data from Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council (PHC4) between 1995 and 2006.

Study Design

The study sample included 207,570 Medicare patients admitted to hospital for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We identified the use of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures within three months after the patient’s initial admission for AMI. Multi-level hierarchical models were used to determine the extent to which racial disparities in procedure use were attributable to the variation in local hospital capacity.

Principal Findings

Blacks were less likely than whites to receive CABG (9.1% vs. 5.8%; p<0.001) and PCI (15.7% vs. 14.2%; p<0.001). The state-level racial disparity in use rate decreases for CABG, and increases for PCI, with the county adjustment. Higher number of revascularization hospitals per 1,000 AMI patients was associated with smaller within-county racial differences in CABG and PCI rates. Meanwhile, very low capacity of catheterization suites and AMI hospitals contributed to significantly wider racial gap in PCI rate.

Conclusions

County variation in cardiac revascularization use rates helps explain the observed racial disparities. While smaller hospital capacity is associated with lower procedure rates for both racial groups, the impact is found to be larger on blacks. Therefore, consequences of fewer medical resources may be particularly pronounced for blacks, compared with whites.     

Ultrasound-induced biophysical effects in controlled drug delivery

Ultrasound is widely used in biomedical engineering and has applications in conventional diagnosis and drug delivery. Recent advances in ultrasound-induced drug delivery have been summarized previously in several reviews that have primarily focused on the fabrication of drug delivery carriers. This review discusses the mechanisms underlying ultrasound-induced drug delivery and factors affecting delivery efficiency, including the characteristics of drug delivery carriers and ultrasound parameters. Firstly, biophysical effects induced by ultrasound, namely thermal effects, cavitation effects, and acoustic radiation forces, are illustrated. Secondly, the use of these biophysical effects to enhance drug delivery by affecting drug carriers and corresponding tissues is clarified in detail. Thirdly, recent advances in ultrasound-triggered drug delivery are detailed. Safety issues and optimization strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes and reduce side effects are summarized. Finally, current progress and future directions are discussed.

     

Genome sequence of the first human adenovirus type 14 isolated in China

Emergent pathogens may be examined rapidly at high resolution on a molecular level using genomics, allowing an understanding of their evolution. China is a unique environment for studying pathogens, having a large, dense, and generally closed population. Human adenovirus type 14 (HAdV-14) was originally identified as an acute respiratory disease (ARD) pathogen in The Netherlands (1955), with a second isolation in England (1957). Since then, few reports of this virus appeared until an ARD pathogen with a similar genome caused multiple outbreaks in the United States (2006 to 2009). This report presents the first genome of HAdV-B14 isolated in China (2010). As China experienced two recent outbreaks of an emergent ARD pathogen, HAdV-B55, containing much of the HAdV-B14 genome, the availability of this HAdV-B14 sequence will facilitate studies of the epidemiology of these pathogens, as well as provide a foundation for studying adenovirus evolution and the genesis of emergent pathogens. These observations may be invaluable in predicting possible recombination between wild-type viruses and adenoviral gene delivery vectors, including adenovirus vaccines.     

青藏高原和内蒙古高原典型草地植物叶片肾型和哑铃型气孔器气孔特征及其与环境的关系

该研究利用植物制片技术,以中国青藏高原和内蒙古高原典型草地常见种或优势种植物的叶片为研究对象,通过比较分析叶片哑铃型气孔器和肾型气孔器的特征及其与环境因子的关系,揭示植物叶片两类气孔器对环境因子的响应策略。结果表明:(1)叶片哑铃型气孔器气孔指标的变异系数小于肾型气孔器。(2)叶片哑铃型气孔器气孔指标与环境气候指标的关系弱于肾型气孔器。(3)叶片哑铃型气孔器气孔特征与环境关系在叶片上下表面之间存在显著差异,而肾型气孔器气孔特征与环境因子的关系在叶片上下表面之间无显著差异。(4)叶片哑铃型气孔器的气孔特征与降水关系密切,而肾型气孔器气孔特征与温度关系密切。(5)同一种气孔器的气孔特征在两个地区(青藏高原和内蒙古高原)间存在显著差异。研究认为,肾型气孔器和哑铃型气孔器的气孔特征及其与环境之间的关系存在差异,在分析气孔特征时有必要将肾形与哑铃形保卫细胞形成的气孔器加以区分,该研究结果有助于进一步理解中国草地植物叶气孔特征对气候变化的响应与适应策略。