Listeriosis in Sheep

A comparison was made between a hay fed group, consisting of 23 ewes, and a grass silage fed group of 22 ewes, all pregnant. Excretion of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) in the faeces and milk, antibody titres in sera and whey and delayed hypersensitivity against Lm, and several blood components were determined. The animals had previously been exposed to Lm, and Lm was isolated from the faeces from several animals when the experiment started. No significant difference in number of excretors between the 2 groups was found during the experimental period. The haemagglutination titres in both sera and whey were low and on the same level in both groups. The titres were higher in animals with 1 foetus than in animals with more than 1 foetus. In the first part of the experimental period the silage group had a reduced number of lymphocytes, lower total serum protein values and higher serum iron values, compared with the hay group. The silage group also had a stronger delayed hypersensitivity reaction against Lm than the hay group, and in the silage group the reaction was significantly stronger in ewes with 3 or more foetuses than in ewes with 1 foetus. In conclusion, the combined effect of some of the changes found in animals fed grass silage may leave them more susceptible to infections.     

Iridoid glucosides in fouquieriaceae

From three Fouquieria sp. 12 iridoid glucosides were isolated and identified. Eight of these were structurally related to galioside (monotropein methylester), while four were hydroxy substitution products of deoxyloganin. In three cases the glucoside occurred together with the corresponding 10-O-acetate.     

Environment versus dispersal in the assembly of western Amazonian palm communities

Aim It is a central issue in ecology and biogeography to understand what governs community assembly and the maintenance of biodiversity in tropical rain forest ecosystems. A key question is the relative importance of environmental species sorting (niche assembly) and dispersal limitation (dispersal assembly), which we investigate using a large dataset from diverse palm communities. Location Lowland rain forest, western Amazon River Basin, Peru. Methods We inventoried palm communities, registering all palm individuals and recording environmental conditions in 149 transects of 5 m × 500 m. We used ordination, Mantel tests and indicator species analysis (ISA) to assess compositional patterns, species responses to geographical location and environmental factors. Mantel tests were used to assess the relative importance of geographical distance (as a proxy for dispersal limitation) and environmental differences as possible drivers of dissimilarity in palm species composition. We repeated the Mantel tests for subsets of species that differ in traits of likely importance for habitat specialization and dispersal (height and range size). Results We found a strong relationship between compositional dissimilarity and environmental distance and a weaker but also significant relationship between compositional dissimilarity and geographical distance. Consistent with expectations, relationships with environmental and geographical distance were stronger for understorey species than for canopy species. Geographical distance had a higher correlation with compositional dissimilarity for small‐ranged species compared with large‐ranged species, whereas the opposite was true for environmental distance. The main environmental correlates were inundation and soil nutrient levels. Main conclusions The assembly of palm communities in the western Amazon appears to be driven primarily by species sorting according to hydrology and soil, but with dispersal limitation also playing an important role. The importance of environmental characteristics and geographical distance varies depending on plant height and geographical range size in agreement with functional predictions, increasing our confidence in the inferred assembly mechanisms.     

Detection of femtomolar quantities of the ganglioside GM1 on thin-layer chromatography plates by native choleratoxin and labeled antisera

After separation of gangliosides by thin-layer chromatography, femtomolar quantities of G_M1 were detected by incubating the plate with native choleratoxin, followed by anticholeratoxin and species-specific labeled antiserum. Only stable reagents were involved when antiserum labeled with horseradish peroxidase was used. Native choleratoxin rather than iodinelabeled toxin ensured good reproducibility of the method.     

“A cleaner break”: Genetic divergence between geographic groups and sympatric phenotypes revealed in ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta)

Capture and long‐distance translocation of cleaner fish to control lice infestations on marine salmonid farms has the potential to influence wild populations via overexploitation in source regions, and introgression in recipient regions. Knowledge of population genetic structure is therefore required. We studied the genetic structure of ballan wrasse, a phenotypically diverse and extensively used cleaner fish, from 18 locations in Norway and Sweden, and from Galicia, Spain, using 82 SNP markers. We detected two very distinct genetic groups in Scandinavia, northwestern and southeastern. These groups were split by a stretch of sandy beaches in southwest Norway, representing a habitat discontinuity for this rocky shore associated benthic egg‐laying species. Wrasse from Galicia were highly differentiated from all Scandinavian locations, but more similar to northwestern than southeastern locations. Distinct genetic differences were observed between sympatric spotty and plain phenotypes in Galicia, but not in Scandinavia. The mechanisms underlying the geographic patterns between phenotypes are discussed, but not identified. We conclude that extensive aquaculture‐mediated translocation of ballan wrasse from Sweden and southern Norway to western and middle Norway has the potential to mix genetically distinct populations. These results question the sustainability of the current cleaner fish practice.     

Inhibitory effects of HgCl2 on excitation-secretion coupling at the motor nerve terminal and excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle cell

Summary 1. Indirect and direct twitch (0.1-Hz) stimulation of the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm disclosed that the inhibitory effect of HgCl₂, 3.7 × 10^–5 M, on the neuromuscular transmission and in the muscle cell, was accelerated by 10-sec periods of 50-Hz tetanic stimulation every 10 min. This activity-dependent enhancement suggested an inhibitory mechanism of HgCl₂ related to the development of fatigue, like membrane depolarization or decreased excitability, decreased availability of transmitter, or interference with the factors controlling excitation-secretion coupling of the nerve terminal, i.e. (Ca²⁺)₀ or (Ca²⁺)_i, and excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle cell, i.e., (Ca²⁺)_i.2. During both indirect and direct stimulation, HgCl₂-induced inhibition was enhanced markedly by pretreatment with caffeine, which releases Ca²⁺ from endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum in the nerve terminal and muscle cell, respectively. This caffeine-induced enhancement was completely antagonized by dantrolene, which inhibits the caffeine-induced release. However, dantrolene alone did not antagonize the HgCl₂-induced inhibition.3. Since caffeine depletes the intracellular Ca²⁺ stores of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, HgCl₂ probably inhibits by binding to SH groups of transport proteins conveying the messenger function of (Ca²⁺)_i. In the muscle cell this leads to inhibition of contraction. In the nerve terminal, an additional enhancement of the HgCl₂-induced inhibition, by inhibiting reuptake of choline by TEA and tetanic stimulation, suggested that HgCl₂ inhibited a (Ca²⁺)_i signal necessary for this limiting factor in resynthesis of acetylcholine.4. The (Ca²⁺)₀ signal necessary for stimulus-induced release of acetylcholine was not affected by HgCl₂. Hyperpolarization in K⁺-free solution antagonized the inhibitory effect of HgCl₂ at indirect stimulation, and Ca²⁺-free solution enhanced the inhibitory effect at direct stimulation. K⁺ depolarization, membrane electric field increase with high Ca²⁺, membrane stabilization with lidocaine, and half-threshold stimulation, did not change the inhibitory effect of HgCl CH₃HgCl, 1.85 × 10^–5 M, disclosed a synergistic interaction with caffeine during direct, but not during indirect, stimulation.     

Additions to the lichen family Pannariaceae in Ecuador

Collections from high altitudes (3840–5100 m a.s.l.) have added several species to the Pannariaceae of Ecuador: Fuscopannaria praetermissa, Pannaria hookeri, Psoroma paleaceum and Psoroma tenue are new to the Andes, and phytogeographic consequences of these are discussed. The following new taxa are described: Parmeliella corallina P. M. Jørg. & Palice, Parmeliella psoromoides P. M. Jørg. & Palice, Psoroma cinnamomeum ssp. andinum P. M. Jørg. & Palice and Santessoniella macrospora P. M. Jørg. & Palice. They are part of a high‐andean element which is not well known and is indicative of a migration route between the polar regions. In addition, two species with associated cyanobacteria, as the primary or secondary symbiont, are reported for the first time from South America: Thelignya lignyota (Wahlenb.) P. M. Jørg. & Henssen and Pilophorus cereolus (Ach.) Th. Fr, both originating from the Northern Hemisphere.