Yield Responses of Wheat to Mulching Practices in Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau

Improving farming practices of soil and water conservation has profound effects on the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in dryland farming regions of the Loess Plateau in China. Mulching has proven to be an effective practice to increase crop yield, and possibly contribute to replenishing groundwater. This evaluation study collected and analyzed the data of 1849 observations published in 38 papers using meta-analysis to investigate effects of the mulching practices on wheat yield in terms of different rainfall and regions in comparison with conventional tillage. The main results of the study follow. The effects of the mulching practices were ranked in the order of RFM (ridge–furrow mulching) > MTMC (mulching with two materials combined) > MOM (mulching with other materials) > WSM (wheat straw mulching) > FM (flat mulching). The effects of the mulching practices at the different levels of rainfall during the wheat growing season were in the order: (< 150 mm) > (> 250 mm) > (150–250 mm). The effects of the mulching practices in the different regions were in the order of Henan > Shanxi > Shaanxi > Gansu. WSM, MTMC and FM performed better in improving wheat yield for rainfall of < 150, 150–250 and > 250 mm during the growing season, respectively. The wheat yield with FM, MTMC, MOM and MOM was higher than those with the other mulching practices in Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan and Shanxi. The wheat yield with RFM was 27.4% higher than that with FM, indicating that RFM was the most effective practice to improve wheat yield among all the practices. These findings have important implications for choosing appropriate crop field management to improve wheat yield.     

Fluid shear stress regulates HepG2 cell migration though time-dependent integrin signaling cascade

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a subtype of malignant liver cancer with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. It is noteworthy that mechanical forces in tumor microenvironment play a pivotal role in mediating the behaviors and functions of tumor cells. As an instrumental type of mechanical forces in vivo, fluid shear stress (FSS) has been reported having potent physiologic and pathologic effects on cancer progression. However, the time-dependent mechanochemical transduction in HCC induced by FSS remains unclear. In this study, hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were exposed to 1.4 dyn/cm² FSS for transient duration (15s and 30s), short duration (5 min, 15 min and 30 min) and long duration (1h, 2h and 4h), respectively. The expression and translocation of Integrins induced FAK-Rho GTPases signaling events were examined. Our results showed that FSS endowed HepG2 cells with higher migration ability via reorganizing cellular F-actin and disrupting intercellular tight junctions. We further demonstrated that FSS regulated the expression and translocation of Integrins and their downstream signaling cascade in time-dependent patterns. The FSS downregulated focal adhesion components (Paxillin, Vinculin and Talin) while upregulated the expression of Rho GTPases (Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA) in long durations. These results indicated that FSS enhanced tumor cell migration through Integrins-FAK-Rho GTPases signaling pathway in time-dependent manners. Our in vitro findings shed new light on the role of FSS acting in physiologic and pathological processes during tumor progression, which has emerged as a promising clinical strategy for liver carcinoma.     

肾综合征出血热人体组织中病毒包涵体的性质及意义的进一步研究

应用免疫组化、原位分子杂交、电镜及免疫电镜等方法进一步对肾综合征出血热人体尸检组织中病毒包涵体（ＩＢ）的抗原、核酸性质和超微结构特点作了进一步观察。结果,在３９例中的２０例尸检病例组织中显示出病毒核蛋白抗原和血凝素抗抗原阳性的ＩＢ,其中包括１６例陕西尸检病例组织中的６例休克期和１例多尿期病例,１７例上海病例中的３例休克期和９例少尿期病例及３例江西病例中的１例休克期病例。ＩＢ主要分布在呼吸道和肺泡、肾远曲小管和集合管、胃肠道、腺垂体、扁桃体、胰腺、前列腺等组织的粘膜上皮和腺上皮细胞及肝细胞和睾丸生精上皮细胞胞浆中,阳性细胞形态基本正常。应用原位分子杂交,可在该组细胞小同时检测到病毒ＲＮＡ,多为胞浆内弥漫阳性,仅少数组织中显示出病毒ＲＮＡ阳性ＩＢ结构。电镜观察阳性组织细胞中出现由大量微丝微管及颗粒样结构组成的ＩＢ结构,其小的病毒颗粒状结构、内质网及纤维丝状结构呈病毒抗原阳性,上述结构位于高尔基体区。结果说明该病毒有感染上皮细胞的特性,对其宿主细胞的致细胞病变作用是极其温和的,且多表现在亚细胞水平。ＩＢ可能是病毒过量表达抗原的堆积或病毒复制部位,而微丝微管结构可能参与病毒的感染过程。     

氮肥和底墒对小麦籽粒灌浆过程的调节效应分析

以氮肥和底墒为决策变量,采用最优二次Ｄ饱和设计,用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程拟合各水肥处理的籽粒充实过程,并推导出一系列次级参数,分别建立了小麦籽粒灌浆强度与持续时间参数的数学模型。结果表明：生长在氮肥或底墒逆境条件下的小麦受精子房的生长潜势（Ｃｏ）较大,并随逆境条件的改善而降低;千粒重（Ｙｏ）与灌浆快增期（Ｔ）的长短、最大灌浆速率（Ｒ＿（ｍａｘ））和平均灌浆速率（Ｒ）无明显相关性,却与起始生长势、灌浆系数（Ｔ·Ｒ＿（ｍａｘ））高度正相关,并且千粒重与灌浆系数的相关性明显大于千粒重与起始生长势的相关性;氮肥和底墒对籽粒灌浆特性具有显著的调节作用。同时还阐述了调节这些参数的水肥栽培途径。     

Effects of Ultrasonic Seed Treatment on Rice Performances under the Seawater Irrigation

Irrigation with desalinated seawater is an effective way to use ocean resources and save freshwater resources. However, seawater irrigation would cause yield loss of rice. In order to explore the effects of ultrasonic seed treatment on rice performances under seawater irrigation, the present study was conducted with three irrigation treatments (fresh water (SW0), ten times diluted seawater (SW1%, 0.34% salinity), and five times diluted seawater (SW2%, 0.68% salinity)) and two seed treatments (ultrasonic treated seeds (UT) and untreated seeds (CK)). Compared with SW0 + CK treatment, SW1 + CK and SW2 + CK treatments significantly decreased grain yield by 56.19% and 66.69%, spikelets per panicle by 30.11% and 55.80%, seed-setting rate by 23.05% and 18.87%, and 1000-grain weight by 4.55% and 14.50%, respectively. Seawater irrigation also significantly increased malonaldehyde (MDA) and proline contents and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). Ultrasonic seed treatment significantly increased the grain number per panicle, seed-setting rate, and grain yield of rice under seawater irrigation. Compared with CK, UT treatment substantially reduced MDA content, SOD activity, and POD activity in SW1 and SW2 conditions. Furthermore, UT treatment significantly increased proline content and down-regulated proline dehydrogenase activity under seawater irrigation. We deduced that ultrasonic seed treatment enhanced the salinity tolerance of rice by inducing the proline accmulation. Our findings indicated that ultrasonic seed treatment could an effective strategy to promote rice productivity under seawater irrigation.     

山西朔县种子植物区系及其生态经济意义

朔县(现朔州市朔城区)植物种属相对丰富,具有维管束植物938种,隶属于420属,105科。其植物区系主要起源于古北大陆;种子植物属的地理成分复杂多样,以温带成分占绝对优势,具有典型的温带草原性质;与相邻地区植物区系的比较分析表明,联系最为密切的是蒙古草原植物区系,其次是黄土高原植物区系。该县植物资源利用应采取的对策是:既要合理开发利用,又要加强物种的保护。     

喀斯特地区坡耕地与退耕地土壤有机碳空间异质性及其影响因素

利用网格采样(10 m×10 m),对比分析了典型喀斯特坡耕地(长期耕作)和退耕地(自然恢复)表层(0—15 cm)土壤有机碳(SOC)的空间变异特征,以期探究退耕恢复20a后SOC的空间异质性及其主要影响因素的变化。结果表明退耕地SOC含量(75.5 g/kg)显著高于坡耕地(15.1 g/kg),为坡耕地的5.0倍,说明自然恢复能显著提高SOC累积量;半变异函数分析结果表明退耕地基台值(521.7)为坡耕地(25.7)的14.9倍,说明退耕地SOC空间异质性远大于坡耕地。坡耕地和退耕地SOC的主要影响因子存在较大差异,土地覆盖类型、坡位、岩石出露率以及三者的交互作用显著控制着坡耕地SOC的空间格局,其贡献率分别为9.1%、6.3%、4.6%以及17.0%;土壤水分、坡度、岩石出露率以及三者的交互作用显著控制退耕地SOC的空间格局,其贡献率分别为26.0%、10.7%、7.2%以及3.6%;尽管岩石出露率对坡耕地和退耕地SOC的空间格局均有显著影响,但坡耕地SOC的主要控制因子为土地覆盖类型以及各因子的交互作用,而退耕地的主要控制因子为土壤水分。以上研究表明随着植被恢复和物种多样性增加,喀斯特坡地SOC的累积量和空间异质性增强,自然因素对SOC空间格局影响凸显,而岩石出露率始终控制SOC空间格局。     

广西北仑河口红树植物种群结构与动态特征

以广西北仑河口国家级自然保护区4种红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)和木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)为研究对象,在野外样地调查的基础上,采用高度级和大小级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、时间序列分析和7种聚集强度指数等方法对4种红树植物的种群结构和动态进行了分析和预测,旨在阐明红树植物种群与群落的结构特征和动态变化规律以及潜在的驱动机制,为广西红树林生态系统的保护与恢复提供基础资料和科学依据。研究结果表明:木榄和秋茄种群更新良好,桐花树更新受到一定阻力,种群相对稳定,白骨壤种群更新不良,呈现明显的衰退趋势;4种红树植物种群不同龄级的存活量差别较大,存活量和生命期望一般随龄级的增加逐渐减少;白骨壤种群的存活曲线属于DeeveyⅠ型,其种群个体均能达到其平均生理寿命,木榄和秋茄种群属DeeveyⅡ型,各龄级个体具有相对一致的死亡率,而桐花树种群介于DeeveyⅠ型和DeeveyⅡ型之间,其幼龄期死亡率偏高,中龄期后死亡率逐渐接近;时间序列分析同样表明,白骨壤未来种群数量将明显降低,种群逐步衰退,桐花树未来种群数量将表现为稳中有降,而木榄和秋茄未来种群数量将趋于增加。4种红树植物不同龄级种群多呈现聚集分布,聚集强度往往随种群龄级的增加而趋于降低。上述结果表明,北仑河口4种红树植物的种群动态与群落所处演替阶段息息相关,先锋植物白骨壤种群处于较快衰退阶段,演替前中期的桐花树种群稳中有降,而演替中后期的秋茄和木榄种群出现不同程度的增长,反映出本次调查的红树林群落正处于演替的中期阶段,白骨壤和白骨壤+桐花树群丛将逐步演替为以木榄为优势种的群丛。此外,红树植物的种群动态受到自身繁殖特性、生境条件、种内和种间竞争、虫害等多种因素的调控。