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1.
Cephapirin, a cephalosporin antibiotic, is used by the majority of dairy farms in the US. Fecal and urinary excretion of cephapirin could introduce this compound into the environment when manure is land applied as fertilizer, and may cause development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics critical for human health. The environmental loading of cephapirin by the livestock industry remains un-assessed, largely due to a lack of appropriate analytical methods. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a cephapirin quantification method to capture the temporal pattern of cephapirin excretion in dairy cows following intramammary infusion. The method includes an extraction with phosphate buffer and methanol, solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up, and quantification using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The LOQ values of the developed method were 4.02 µg kg−1 and 0.96 µg L−1 for feces and urine, respectively. This robust method recovered >60% and >80% cephapirin from spiked blank fecal and urine samples, respectively, with acceptable intra- and inter-day variation (<10%). Using this method, we detected trace amounts (µg kg−1) of cephapirin in dairy cow feces, and cephapirin in urine was detected at very high concentrations (133 to 480 µg L−1). Cephapirin was primarily excreted via urine and its urinary excretion was influenced by day (P = 0.03). Peak excretion (2.69 mg) was on day 1 following intramammary infusion and decreased sharply thereafter (0.19, 0.19, 0.08, and 0.17 mg on day 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively) reflecting a quadratic pattern of excretion (Quadratic: P = 0.03). The described method for quantification of cephapirin in bovine feces and urine is sensitive, accurate, and robust and allowed to monitor the pattern of cephapirin excretion in dairy cows. This data will help develop manure segregation and treatment methods to minimize the risk of antibiotic loading to the environment from dairy farms. 相似文献
2.
Abstract The potentiation of the biological effects of recombinant porcine growth hormone (pGH) by immunologic manipulation was investigated. A monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated PS‐7.6, was raised against pGH and repeatedly shown to enhance the responsiveness of hypophysectomized (hypox) rats to pGH. As a result, animals receiving a combination treatment of pGH and mAb PS‐7.6 together gained significantly more weight than those receiving the same doses of pGH alone. The enhancing action of the mAb was a rapid process and its effective doses ranged from 0.1 to 2 mg/injection. The ability of the antibody to augment the hormonal activity persisted beyond the 5‐day treatment period and the differences in net weight gain between treated and control animals remained significant for 28 days. Results from treatment frequency studies further suggested that pGH when complexed with mAb PS‐7.6 required fewer injections and produced a greater efficacy than being administered alone. Therefore, present findings suggest that mAb PS‐7.6 may prove useful for not only improving the efficiency of pGH, but also developing a novel formulation for sustained pGH release. 相似文献
3.
To clarify the mechanisms of Nosema ceranae parasitism, we deep-sequenced both honey bee host and parasite mRNAs throughout a complete 6-day infection cycle. By time-series analysis, 1122 parasite genes were significantly differently expressed during the reproduction cycle, clustering into 4 expression patterns. We found reactive mitochondrial oxygen species modulator 1 of the host to be significantly down regulated during the entire infection period. Our data support the hypothesis that apoptosis of honey bee cells was suppressed during infection. We further analyzed genome-wide genetic diversity of this parasite by comparing samples collected from the same site in 2007 and 2013. The number of SNP positions per gene and the proportion of non-synonymous substitutions per gene were significantly reduced over this time period, suggesting purifying selection on the parasite genome and supporting the hypothesis that a subset of N. ceranae strains might be dominating infection. 相似文献
4.
Jian‐Yong Guo Yong‐Sheng Wang Tian Chen Xiao‐Xu Jiang Ping Wu Tao Geng Zhong‐Hua Pan Meng‐Ke Shang Cheng‐Xiang Hou Kun Gao Xi‐Jie Guo 《Insect Science》2020,27(3):449-462
Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) is a major pathogen of the economic insect silkworm, Bombyx mori. Virus‐encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proven to play important roles in host–pathogen interactions. In this study we identified a BmCPV‐derived miRNA‐like 21 nt small RNA, BmCPV‐miR‐1, from the small RNA deep sequencing of BmCPV‐infected silkworm larvae by stem‐loop quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) and investigated its functions with qPCR and lentiviral expression systems. Bombyx mori inhibitor of apoptosis protein (BmIAP) gene was predicted by both target prediction software miRanda and Targetscan to be one of its target genes with a binding site for BmCPV‐miR‐1 at the 5′ untranslated region. It was found that the expression of BmCPV‐miR‐1 and its target gene BmIAP were both up‐regulated in BmCPV‐infected larvae. At the same time, it was confirmed that BmCPV‐miR‐1 could up‐regulate the expression of BmIAP gene in HEK293T cells with lentiviral expression systems and in BmN cells by transfecting mimics. Furthermore, BmCPV‐miR‐1 mimics could up‐regulate the expression level of BmIAP gene in midgut and fat body in the silkworm. In the midgut of BmCPV‐infected larvae, BmCPV‐miR‐1 mimics could be further up‐regulated and inhibitors could lower the virus‐mediated expression of BmIAP gene. With the viral genomic RNA segments S1 and S10 as indicators, BmCPV‐miR‐1 mimics could up‐regulate and inhibitors down‐regulate their replication in the infected silkworm. These results implied that BmCPV‐miR‐1 could inhibit cell apoptosis in the infected silkworm through up‐regulating BmIAP expression, providing the virus with a better cell circumstance for its replication. 相似文献
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6.
Yan Yongshan Fen Shang Liu Lianrui 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1987,74(1):147-153
Summary A 8.3 /ml 6-thioguanine (6TG)-resistant strain was isolated from a rat tetraploid cell line by step-by-step selection in 6TG-medium. In the 6TG-resistant cell population 51% of the cells were tetraploid and 35% of the cells were hypertetraploid, i.e., one chromosome more than a tetraploid. The 6TG-resistant strain grew very well in RPMI 1640 medium with intervals of three days between subcultures. The 6TG-resistant cells all have a homogeneously staining region (HSRs) in one of the X chromosomes which do not stain after chromosome C-banding. They also possess a higher NORs activity and much lower frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE). When the 6TG-resistant RCT cells were subcultured in 6TG-free medium for three days, their SCE frequency did not change. 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) significantly suppressed the NORs activity for both 6TG-resistant cells and 6TG-sensitive cells (P<0.001).Abbreviations 6TG
6-thioguanine
- HSRs
homogeneously staining region
- NORs
nucleolar organizer region
- SCE
sister chromatid exchange
- BrdU
5-bromodeoxyuridine
- HPRT
Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 相似文献
7.
X. M. Shang H. T. Nguyen R. C. Jackson 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1989,77(1):84-94
Summary Heterochromatin differentiation, including band size, sites, and Giemsa staining intensity, was analyzed by the HKG (HCl-KOH-Giemsa) banding technique in the A genomes of 21 diploid (Triticum urartu, T. boeoticum and T. monococcum), 13 tetraploid (T. araraticum, T. timopheevi, T. dicoccoides and T. turgidum var. Dicoccon, Polonicum), and 7 cultivars of hexaploid (T. aestivum) wheats from different germplasm collections. Among wild and cultivated diploid taxa, heterochromatin was located mainly at centromeric regions, but the size and staining intensity were distinct and some accessions' genomes had interstitial and telomeric bands. Among wild and cultivated polyploid wheats, heterochromatin exhibited bifurcated differentiation. Heterochromatinization occurred in chromosomes 4At and 7At and in smaller amounts in 2At, 3At, 5At, and 6At within the genomes of the tetraploid Timopheevi group (T. araraticum, and T. timopheevi) and vice versa within those of the Emmer group (T. dicoccoides and T. turgidum). Similar divergence patterns occurred among chromosome 4Aa and 7Aa of cultivars of hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum). These dynamic processes could be related to geographic distribution and to natural and artifical selection. Comparison of the A genomes of diploid wheats with those of polyploid wheats shows that the A genomes in existing diploid wheats could not be the direct donors of those in polyploid wheats, but that the extant taxa of diploids and polyploids probably have a common origin and share a common A-genomelike ancestor.Contribution of the College of Agricultural Sciences, Texas Tech Univ. Journal No. T-4-233. 相似文献
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9.
1-Aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylate (ACC) synthase from applefruits was purified over 5,000-fold by conventional column chromatography.By immunizing mice with this partially purified enzyme preparation,8 hybridoma lines producing monoclonal antibodies against appleACC synthase were isolated. While all 8 clones immunoprecipitatednative ACC synthase, only two clones recognized the putative(48 kDa) ACC synthase on Western blots. When a partially purifiedACC synthase preparation was incubated with S-adenosyl-L-[carboxyl-14C]methionine(AdoMet), only one radioactive protein of 48 kDa was detectedon sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis.This radioactive protein was specifically immunoprecipitatedby the monoclonal antibodies, indicating that apple ACC synthaseis specifically radiolabeled by its substrate AdoMet, as istomato ACC synthase. Thus, the monoclonal antibodies recognizedboth native and AdoMet-inactivated forms of ACC synthase. Whilethese antibodies failed to im-munoprecipitate ACC synthase isolatedfrom ripe tomato fruits, ripe avocado fruits or auxin-treatedmungbean hypocotyls, they were effective in immunoprecipitatingthe enzyme isolated from ripe pear fruits. (Received August 11, 1990; Accepted October 17, 1990) 相似文献
10.
人体和动物模型的体表物理信息地形图的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对人体头面、躯干、四肢、耳廓各局部几十个及整个人体等体表部位正、背面等210个部位进行超微弱冷光和温度测量,输入电子计算机,经特殊的自编程序处理,获得十分清晰的,由3000多数据构成的各个局部或人体整体的冷光和温度地形图。 对家兔左、右耳廓、胸腹部、背部都分别观察32个部位的冷光与体表温度,经计算机分析处理,每观察区域获得约由2000个数据构成的精确的冷光、温度地形分市图。并可见不同生理、病理状态及不同病程家兔体表冷光、温度等地形图呈有规律的改变。 此外,我们还编制了以体表左右相应对称部位差值为分析数据进行地形图分析的程序,用以人体和动物体表物理信息对称规律的研究。 本工作以图形的形式显示物理参量在体表的广泛的分布规律,以揭示机体内部的不同生理、病理状态。本方法定位准确、直观醒目,为研究体表信息及机体生命活动规律提供了与逐点直接测量方法相互补充的有益的新手段。 相似文献