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SORAJ HONGLADAROM 《Bioethics》2009,23(7):403-412
Bioinformatics is a new field of study whose ethical implications involve a combination of bioethics, computer ethics and information ethics. This paper is an attempt to view some of these implications from the perspective of Buddhism. Privacy is a central concern in both computer/information ethics and bioethics, and with information technology being increasingly utilized to process biological and genetic data, the issue has become even more pronounced. Traditionally, privacy presupposes the individual self but as Buddhism does away with the ultimate conception of an individual self, it has to find a way to analyse and justify privacy that does not presuppose such a self. It does this through a pragmatic conception that does not depend on a positing of the substantial self, which is then found to be unnecessary for an effective protection of privacy. As it may be possible one day to link genetic data to individuals, the Buddhist conception perhaps offers a more flexible approach, as what is considered to be integral to an individual person is not fixed in objectivity but depends on convention. 相似文献
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Both KMnO4 and HCHO in concentrations used for fixation forelectron microscopy induce pronounced swelling of spinach chloroplasts.However, since electron microscopy samples small numbers, itis possible to overlook the swelling effect because the sizerange of the swollen chloroplasts can overlap the extremelywide range of chloroplasts in living mesophyll cells. HCHO fixesspinach chloroplasts only after 16 hr incubation, as verifiedby failure of the chloroplaststo swell when subsequently washedwith water. However, the HCHO treatment fails to prevent aninitial swelling and KMnO4 further swells chloroplasts pre-fixedwith HCHO. Spinach chloroplasts in vivo measured in face area27.7 0.06 µ2 mean value, 23.8 µ2 mode value, range6.2 to 102.9 µ2, and their distribution is skewed so thatthe coefficient of skewness is 0.15. Chloroplasts isolated directlyinto phosphate buffered 4% HCHO after 24 hrs measured in facearea 58.2 µ2 mean value, 46.5 µ2 mode value, range22 to 121 µ2, and the coefficient of skewness increasedto 0.24. When such chloroplasts were additionally treated withphosphate buffered 2.8 % KMnO4 the spinach chloroplasts measuredin facearea 96.4 1.40 µ2 mean value, 86.1 µ2 modevalue, range22 to 203 µ2, and the coefficient of skewnessunchanged at 0.24. Volumes of spinach chloroplasts isolatedin NaCl as reported in the literature approach the volumes ofchloroplasts swollen by HCHO and KMnO4. Some problems concerningsampling difficulties because of wide size ranges and skeweddistributions are discussed.
1 Present address: Department of Agriculture, Bangkhen ExperimentStation, Bangkok, Thailand.
2 Present address: Department of Biology, Wright State University,Dayton, Ohio 45431 U.S.A. 相似文献
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A New Isolation Medium for Plant Organelles 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A new cell-extraction medium was developed, under conditionssuch that physical injury was minimized, for the simultaneousisolation of plant nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts inmorphological forms closely resembling those in living cells.Comparisons were made of organelles isolated in buffered NaCl,sucrose, and specially developed formulations with the synthetichigh-molecular-weight polymers Ficoll (polymerized form of sucrose,MW 400,000) and Dextran 40 (MW 26,000). The finally developedmedium contained: sucrose (osmoticum); Tris-acetate (buffer);Ficoll, Dextran 40, and bovine serum albumin (structure preservatives);glutathione, cysteine, ascorbic acid, or mercaptoethanol (reducingagents); and magnesium acetate and manganese acetate (activitypreservatives). The properties of the SFDP medium are such thatnuclei, chloroplasts, and mitochondria resemble their formsin living cells; mitochondria exhibit dynamic pleomorphic changesin form similar to those occurring in living cells and haircells immersed in the medium can be cut open while cytoplasmicstreaming continues during and after the incision. 相似文献
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