Sexual advertisement and immune function in an arachnid species (Lycosidae)

A simple version of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesizesthat through condition-dependence, the size of the sexual traitmay be positively related to immune function at the populationlevel. In the present study, we investigated the relationshipbetween sexual advertisement and immune function in a naturalpopulation of male wolf spiders, Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata (Araneae:Lycosidae). Males of H. rubrofasciata have a costly and condition-dependentacoustic signal, courtship drumming. In the mating season, malesdrum against dry leaves while wandering around the habitat searchingfor receptive females. Males increase their mating success byincreasing their drumming rate and mobility. We used drummingrate and mobility measured without female proximity as estimatesof sexual advertisement. As estimates of male immune function,we used encapsulation rate and lytic activity. Encapsulationrate is a common challenging technique, which measures immuneresponse against multicellular parasites. Lytic activity isa monitoring technique, which measures immune response againstpathogens. Our results show that males with higher drummingrate had higher encapsulation rate. This suggests that femalesmight use drumming rate as a signal for choosing males withgood immunocompetence. Moreover, our results show that maleswith higher mobility had higher lytic activity. As females aremore likely to encounter those males that have higher mobility,this might also select males with better immune function. Ourresults suggest that the immunocompetence handicap might workalso among spiders, although we could not assess the causalityof the relationship between sexual selection and immune functionin this correlational study.     

Dot-immunobinding assay in the detection of IgG antibodies against farmer's lung antigens

Circulating antibodies against Faenia rectivirgula, Thermoactinomyces candidus, T. vulgaris and Aspergillus fumigatus were studied in the sera of 14 clinically proven farmer's lung patients and 10 normal controls using three immunological methods. These methods were agar gel double diffusion (DD), biotin-avidin-linked immunosorbent assay (BALISA) and dot-immunobinding assay (DIBA). Agar gel diffusion, the least sensitive of the three methods, failed to detect antibodies in some of the patients, while BALISA detected antibodies even in the normal controls. However, the sensitivity of dot-immunobinding assay was in between DD and BALISA while the specificity was comparable to DD to all the antibodies except against A. fumigatus antigens. Dot-immunobinding assay gave faster results than DD and the blots can be stored as record for longer periods of time without fading.     

Effect of interferon γ on the sensitivity of bovine-papilloma-virus(BPV1)-transformed cell lines to cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Summary The effect of interferon (IFN) on the immunogenicity and immunosensitivity of mouse cell lines transformed by bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) DNA was examined in a syngeneic mouse model. The overnight incubation of BPV1-transformed cell lines with 100 IU/ml IFN did not affect their ability to induce the generation of cytotoxic effector cells but it clearly increased their sensitivity to lysis by interleukin-2-induced lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and by nonspecific LAK-type effector cells induced by BPV-1-transformed cell lines. The treatment of two allogeneic lymphoid tumour cell lines, P815X2 and YAC-1, with IFN either decreased or had no effect on their sensitivity to LAK-cell-mediated lysis.     

The effects of temperature and adrenergic agonists on cardiac myocytes of perch (Perca fluviatilis) in cell culture conditions

1. 1. Isolated cardiac myocytes of perch, Perca fluviatilis, were kept in culture conditions for 1–2 months at 12 or 22°C. In the culture most myocytes flattened, lost their spindle-shaped morphology, protruded pseudopod-like branches and many of them started visible contractions in 1–2 weeks and continued beating for several months. Myocytes did not divide in the sparse cell population used. Typical intracellular structures could be seen in electron micrographs still after 1–2 months, but the sarcoplasmic organization became gradually more irregular in the culture.

2. 2. Beat rates showed linear temperature relationship on the Arrhenius plot. Myocytes cultivated at 22°C showed higher frequencies and slightly less dependence on temperature than myocytes cultivated at 12°C (apparent activation energies (E_a) 86 and 107 kJ/mol, respectively).

3. 3. Temperature dependence of frequencies was related to the presence of added serum or adrenergic agonists: β-adrenergic agonists increased the frequencies and rendered the cells less dependent on temperature; apparent activation energy was 43 kJ/mol for isoprenaline or adrenaline and 108 kJ/mol for noradrenaline and control group.

4. 4. Heat tolerance was greater in myocytes cultivated at 22°C than in myocytes cultivated at 12°C, and the change in tolerance appeared in 12 h after the alteration of culture temperature and the increased tolerance was persistent after that.

5. 5. It is suggested, that the processes of quick heat-hardening and of slower but persistent heat resistance acclimation developed in these cells in culture conditions but not the capacity acclimation, which seems to be dependent on adrenergic regulation of beat rate.

Determinants of the Mating Success of Polyterritorial Pied Flycatcher Males

Much attention has been paid to the polyterritorial mating system of some passerine birds. Here we report how a male's mating success is related to the behavioral traits of polyterritorial pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) males. We found no evidence that the timing of polyterritoriality in relation to egg laying in the primary nest or the singing behavior of males have any influence on mating success. However, results show clearly that male mating success was improved with an increase in the distance between territories up to a distance of about 200–300 m whereupon there was no further enhancement of mating success. This finding is crucial for both the deception hypothesis and female-female aggression hypothesis which have been put forward to explain polyterritorial polygyny. Males who establish a distant second territory seemed to allocate more time to singing there. The association, although weak, between singing activity and distance between territories makes it more difficult for females to use song rate as a cue to discriminate males with a secondary territory far from the primary territory, and these are the males that are least likely to feed the young of a second female. Males who established a second territory late in relation to egg laying in the primary nest did not take over a close second territory as might be predicted from female-female aggression hypothesis.     

Bird community energetics in a boreal coniferous forest

The annual minimum energy consumption of the bird community was 2524 × 10³ kcal km⁻², of which 44% was consumed by wintering species and 73% by passerines. The daily energy consumption was in summer 14–16 × 10³ and in winter 1–2 × 10³ kcal km⁻². In spruce forests and in afforested swamps birds required approximately 0.12% of the net primary production. Their total annual energy consumption was covered by invertebrates (59%), vertebrates (2%) and vegetable matter (39%); the food derived from the ground (55%), from trees (44%) and from the air (1%). Arboreal insectivorous passerines, ground passerines and gallinaceous birds were the most important ecological guilds. Among passerines existence metabolism accounted for 73% of the annual energy consumption, extra activity for 17%, breeding activity for 1%, moult for 4% and nestlings for 4%.     

The Mhc class II of the Black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) consists of low numbers of B and Y genes with variable diversity and expression

We found that the Black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) possess low numbers of Mhc class II B (BLB) and Y (YLB) genes with variable diversity and expression. We have therefore shown, for the first time, that another bird species (in this case, a wild lek-breeding galliform) shares several features of the simple Mhc of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). The Black grouse BLB genes showed the same level of polymorphism that has been reported in chicken, and we also found indications of balancing selection in the peptide-binding regions. The YLB genes were less variable than the BLB genes, also in accordance with earlier studies in chicken, although their functional significance still remains obscure. We hypothesize that the YLB genes could have been under purifying selection, just as the mammal Mhc-E gene cluster.     

Urban biodiversity in local newspapers: a historical perspective

Due to rapid urbanization the conservation and values of urban wildlife are becoming increasingly important study objects. Unfortunately, the lack of historical data makes it difficult to assess the effects of long-term urban land-use changes and human attitudes on local biodiversity. In this paper we show that old newspapers may in some cases provide useful historical data on both urban wildlife and local attitudes towards it. In the city of Turku, southwest Finland, the leading newspaper published 316 observations or reports on local urban mammals, birds and reptiles in 1890–1920, and in addition to these a lot of information on contemporary attitudes towards urban wildlife. At least 12 species of noncaptive mammals, 32 species of birds, and three reptile species were documented in newspapers. The newspaper data seem fairly reliable, and provide valuable information on the development of urban biodiversity. In the study period animals visiting urban areas were often persecuted, in which both adults and children (mainly schoolboys) participated actively. Birds were persecuted less frequently than mammals or reptiles. Some bird species, especially 'song-birds', were actively supported by winter-feeding and by constructing nest-boxes. According to newspapers local people were interested in local biodiversity, especially on phenological events, and benefited from it by getting esthetic pleasure, pet animals, and information on seasonal changes.     

Two new variants of the lipocalin allergen Bos d 2

Allergens from various sources have been shown to comprise several isoforms. In the present study, a series of chromatographic steps was carried out to separate the lipocalin allergen Bos d 2 isoforms present in cow dander. Subsequent HPLC-MS–MS analyses revealed two new Bos d 2 variants. In one of the proteins, tyrosine (Y83) was substituted by aspartic acid, and in the other protein valine (V102) was replaced by alanine. We propose the three Bos d 2 variants be named as Bos d 2.0101 (previously sequenced Bos d 2), Bos d 2.0102 and Bos d 2.0103. Our results suggest that molecular polymorphism is a common property among lipocalin allergens. Since allergen isoforms may show variation in their IgE binding and/or T-cell reactivity, all of the many allergen forms should be taken into account when planning preparations for immunotherapy.