Effects of starvation,chilling, and injury on endocrine gland function in Galleria mellonella

Starvation, chilling, and injury of last instar Galleria mellonella larvae typically elicit extra larval molts or a delay in pupation. The primary sites of action and the nature of the signals by which these treatments affect development are not known. However, since the connections of the brain to the nerve cord are crucial for the effects of starvation and chilling, these signals apparently affect the brain-centered program of developmental regulation via the nerve cord. Chilling, and occasionally starvation, cause extra larval molts in last instar larvae treated prior to the nervous inhibition of their corpora allata; release of a cerebral allatotropin, which stimulates the production of juvenile hormone, appears to be involved in this effect. After this time, a delay in pupation is the principal effect of starvation and chilling, and is apparently due to a temporal inhibition of the release of the prothoracicotropic hormone. Chilling also appears to inhibit unstimulated ecdysteroid production by the prothoracic glands. The effect of injury is not mediated by the nerve cord, but appears to involve an inhibitory humoral factor that affects either the brain or the prothoracic glands themselves. Injury also stimulates juvenile hormone production, an effect which is enhanced when the brain is separated from the nerve cord and which is evidenced by a delay of ecdysis and the occasional retention of some larval features in the ecdysed insects. None of the effects of these various treatments on the brain and the endocrine glands persist when the brains or glands are implanted into untreated hosts.     

Influence of prolactin on neural and glial cellular adenosine triphosphatases in immature male bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata, Geoffroy)

The effect of prolactin on specific activities of adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) in neural and gliar cells of cerebral cortex, cerebellum and pons-medulla of immature male bonnet monkeys was studied. Na+, K+ dependent ATPase was stimulated, while Mg2+ and Ca2+ dependent ATPase activities showed reduction in neural as well as glial cells of cerebral cortex and cerebellum. However, in pons-medulla, Na+, K+ and Mg2+ dependent ATPases showed the same trend in neural and glial cells, respectively, as in the other two regions. The data obtained reveal that prolactin has specific effect on different ATPases, in different regions of the brain.     

Quantitative estimation of the pathways followed in the conversion to glycogen of glucose administered to the fasted rat

When [6-3H,6-14C]glucose was given in glucose loads to fasted rats, the average 3H/14C ratios in the glycogens deposited in their livers, relative to that in the glucoses administered, were 0.85 and 0.88. When [3-3H,3-14C]lactate was given in trace quantity along with unlabeled glucose loads, the average 3H/14C ratio in the glycogens deposited was 0.08. This indicates that a major fraction of the carbons of the glucose loads was converted to liver glycogen without first being converted to lactate. When [3-3H,6-14C]glucose was given in glucose loads, the 3H/14C ratios in the glycogens deposited averaged 0.44. This indicates that a significant amount of H bound to carbon 3, but not carbon 6, of glucose is removed within liver in the conversion of the carbons of the glucose to glycogen. This can occur in the pentose cycle and by cycling of glucose-6-P via triose phosphates: glucose----glucose-6-P----triose phosphates----glucose-6-P----glycogen. The contributions of these pathways were estimated by giving glucose loads labeled with [1-14C]glucose, [2-14C]glucose, [5-14C]glucose, and [6-14C]glucose and degrading the glucoses obtained by hydrolyzing the glycogens that deposited. Only a few per cent of the glucose carbons deposited in glycogen were deposited in liver via glucose-6-P conversion to triose phosphates. Between 4 and 9% of the glucose utilized by the liver was utilized in the pentose cycle. While these are relatively small percentages, since three NADP3H molecules are formed from each molecule of [3-3H]glucose-6-P utilized in the cycle, a major portion of the difference between the ratios obtained with [3-3H]glucose and with [6-3H]glucose is attributable to metabolism in the pentose cycle. Because 3H of [3-3H]glucose is extensively removed during the conversion of the glucose to glycogen within liver the extent of incorporation of the 3H into liver glycogen is not the measure of glucose's metabolism in other tissues before its carbons are deposited in liver glycogen. The distributions of 14C from the 14C-labeled glucoses into the carbons of the liver glycogens mean that at a minimum about 30% of the carbons of the glucose deposited in the glycogen were first converted to lactate or its metabolic equivalent.     

Proteolytic processing of the vitellogenin precursor in the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis

The soluble proteins of the eggs of the coleopteran insect Anthonomus grandis Boheman, the cotton boll weevil, consist almost entirely of two vitellin types with M_rs of 160,000 and 47,000. We sequenced their N-terminal ends and one internal cyanogen bromide fragment of the large vitellin and compared these sequences with the deduced amino acid sequence from the vitellogenin gene. The results suggest that both the boll weevil vitellin proteins are products of the proteolytic cleavage of a single precursor protein. The smaller 47,000 M vitellin protein is derived from the N-terminal portion of the precursor adjacent to an 18 amino acid signal peptide. The cleavage site between the large and small vitellins at amino acid 362 is adjacent to a pentapeptide sequence containing two pairs of arginine residues. Comparison of the boll weevil sequences with limited known sequences from the single 180,000 M_r honey bee protein show that the honey bee vitellin N-terminal exhibits sequence homology to the N-terminal of the 47,000 M_r boll weevil vitellin. Treatment of the vitellins with an N-glycosidase results in a decrease in molecular weight of both proteins, from 47,000 to 39,000 and from 160,000 to 145,000, indicating that about 10–15% of the molecular weight of each vitellin consists of N-linked carbohydrate. The molecular weight of the deglycosylated large vitellin is smaller than that predicted from the gene sequence, indicating possible further proteolytic processing at the C-terminal of that protein. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

     

Conformationally driven protease-catalyzed splicing of peptide segments: V8 protease-mediated synthesis of fragments derived from thermolysin and ribonuclease A.

We have studied the conformation as well as V8 protease-mediated synthesis of peptide fragments, namely amino acid residues 295-316 (TC-peptide) of thermolysin and residues 1-20 (S-peptide) of ribonuclease A, to examine whether "conformational trapping" of the product can facilitate reverse proteolysis. The circular dichroism study showed cosolvent-mediated cooperative helix formation in TC-peptide with attainment of about 30-35% helicity in the presence of 40% 1-propanol and 2-propanol solutions at pH 6 and 4 degrees C. The thermal melting profiles of TC-peptide in the above cosolvents were very similar. V8 protease catalyzed the synthesis of TC-peptide from a 1:1 mixture of the non-interacting complementary fragments (TC295-302 and TC303-316) in the presence of the above cosolvents at pH 6 and 4 degrees C. In contrast, V8 protease did not catalyze the ligation of S1-9 and S10-20, although S-peptide could assume helical conformation in the presence of the cosolvent used for the semisynthetic reaction. V8 protease was able to synthesize an analog of S-peptide (SA-peptide) in which residues 10-14 were substituted (RQHMD-->VAAAK). While S-peptide exhibited helical conformation in the presence of aqueous propanol solutions, SA-peptide displayed predominantly beta-sheet conformation. SA-peptide showed enhanced resistance to proteolysis as compared with S-peptide. Thus, failure of semisynthesis of S-peptide may be a consequence of high flexibility around the 9-10 peptide bond due to its proximity to the helix stop signal. The results suggest that protease-mediated ligations may be achieved by design and manipulation of the conformational aspects of the product.     

Can fossil fuel energy be recovered and used without any CO2 emissions to the atmosphere?

Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology - The world’s energy system is still dominated by fossil fuels. While there is a rapid reduction in the cost of renewable energy and the...     

Characterization of Changes due to pH Variations in Beta Peptide (25–35) Leading to Alzheimer’s Disease

International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics - The effect of various concentrations of amyloid beta peptide (ABP) in different pH (pH 2, 6, 7, 8, 10) in aging at different time...