Abnormalities of the ear associated with exencephaly in mouse fetuses induced by maternal exposure to cadmium

Exencephaly was induced in mouse fetuses by maternal injection of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on day 7 of gestation. The heads of exencephalic, nonexencephalic experimental, and control fetuses were embedded in paraffin and sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Compared to those of controls, the ears of the exencephalic fetuses were smaller (microtia) and low set. The meatal plug representing the external auditory canal was thick, variously branched, and often directed inferiorly. Usually, there were just two ossicles. The stapedial artery, facial nerve, and stapedius muscle were hypoplastic; the tensor tympani was small or absent. There were 1.0 to 2.0 turns of the cochlea in contrast to 2.5 turns in the controls. The organ of Corti was underdifferentiated; the spiral ganglion had fewer cells. In the control, the long axes of the anterior and posterior semicircular ducts were at right angles to each other and in vertical planes, but in the exencephalics, they tended more laterally towards the horizontal plane. The differentiation of the cristae ampullares and maculae was also severely affected. In several specimens, the entire membranous labyrinth had been distended; these labyrinths also had unusual epithelial infoldings. In cadmium-treated nonexencephalic fetuses, the external ears were normal and appropriate to the body size; five of them were examined histologically; in all, the five middle ear contents were hypoplastic; in three, the cochlea had a maximum of two turns and the organ of Corti, crista ampullaris, and macula were hypoplastic. By an analogy to abnormalities of mutants with neural tube defects, it is suggested that the exencephaly induced by cadmium might affect the differentiation of the ear. Partial involvement of the ear in nonexencephalic experimental embryos may be the result of direct action of cadmium during critical stages of development.     

Pathogenesis of exencephaly and cranioschisis induced in the rat after neural tube closure: role of the mesenchyme

Exencephaly was induced after neural tube closure by administration of a single dose of 15 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CPA) to pregnant Wistar rats. Embryos were collected at 6, 8, and 10 hr and then at 24-hr intervals until day 17 of gestation and processed for electronmicroscopy. Sections cut at the level of foramen of Monro and at the otic vesicle level were examined and compared with similarly processed and age-matched control embryonic tissues. The earliest changes in the CPA-treated embryonic mesenchyme (ME) included a relative reduction in polyribosomes and an accumulation of cellular debris in apparently normal cells and in the extracellular space (ECS). While dead cells were disintegrating in the ECS, numerous cells were engaged in phagocytosis and digestion of fragments of dead cells. Continued cell loss and inhibition of cell proliferation lead to a marked increase in ECS and loss of intercellular contacts. At 10 hr postinjection, these changes were accentuated. By day 13, the capillaries in the ME were found to have their endothelium attenuated; they also had no pericyte association. Unlike in controls, the CPA embryos never developed a proper primordium of the skull vault. Differentiation of the poorly organised ME cells was slow, and glycogen appeared in them late and persisted until day 17. The endoplasmic reticulum was dilated; lipid and lysosomes accumulated, and matrix secretion was inhibited. Macrophages were numerous. The capillaries proliferated and possessed intraluminal cytoplasmic flaps resembling capillaries in the controls at earlier stages of development. The ECS in the ME became edematous while blebs developed subcutaneously. The weak neuroepithelium had several cavities that communicated internally with the ventricle and externally with the blebs. Cell death, inhibition of cell proliferation, and failure of the appearance of skull vault primordium resulted in poor support to the NE. The mounting intraventricular pressure possibly lead to a breakdown of the unsupported NE, resulting in reopening of the neural tube.     

Vertical distribution of three species of eriophyid mites on tea in south India

Two eriophyid mites,Acaphylla theae andCalacarus carinatus, have been known for some time as important pests of tea. In recent years a third eriophyid,Acaphyllisa parindiae, has also become abundant. The vertical distribution of these three species on tea is examined.     

Studies on the size and shape of rabbit intestinal glucoamylase-maltase complex.

Rabbit intestinal glucoamylase-maltase was examined in detail with respect to its molecular weight, sedimentation, diffusion and viscosity. It is a large asymmetrical molecule, with a molecular weight of 750 000-760 000. Its appearance under the electron microscope supports the idea that it is a long string (62.0 nm) consisting of eight beads of diameter 6.0 nm each and a surface-to-surface interbead distance of approx. 2.0 nm. The shape of the enzyme derived from its hydrodynamic behaviour by using the string-of-spherical-beads model originally proposed by Kuhn [(1932) Z. Phys. Chem. Abt. A 161, 1-32] and later modified by Shulman [(1953) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 5846-5852] fits moderately well with the electron-microscopic picture. The beads might represent about six subunits, and the absence of sulphur from the enzyme and the inability to dissociate the enzyme by conventional methods indicate the possibility of unusual covalent cross-linking between the subunits and between the beads.     

Structure of the hirulog 3-thrombin complex and nature of the S' subsites of substrates and inhibitors.

The X-ray crystallographic structure of the human alpha-thrombin complex with hirulog 3 (a potent, noncleavable hirudin-based peptide of the "hirulog" class containing a beta-homoarginine at the scissile bond), which is isomorphous with that of the hirugen-thrombin crystal structure, was solved at 2.3-A resolution by starting with a model for thrombin derived from the hirugen-thrombin complex and was refined by restrained least squares methods (R = 0.132). Residues of hirulog 3 were well-defined in the electron density, which included most of the pentaglycine linker and the C-terminal helical turn that was disordered in a related structure of thrombin with hirulog 1. The interactions of D-Phe1'-Pro2'-beta-homoArg3' with the active site of thrombin were essentially identical to those of related structures of PPACK- (D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethyl ketone) and hirulog 1-thrombin, with the guanidinium function of the arginyl P1 residue forming a hydrogen-bonding ion pair with Asp189 of the S1 site. A noticeable shift in the CA atom of beta-homoArg3' due to the methylene insertion displaces the scissile bond from attack by Ser195, thus imparting proteolytic stability to the beta-homoArg hirulog derivative. Resolution of the pentaglycine spacer, linking N- and C-terminal functional domains into a single oligopeptide bivalent inhibitor, permitted delineation of corresponding S' subsites of thrombin. The position of Gly4' (P1') is stabilized by three hydrogen bonds with His57, Lys60F, and Ser195, while the conformational angles maintained in a strained, nonallowed configuration for non-glycyl amino acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Dry-season spawning in a cyprinid fish of southern India

Synopsis A population of the S. Indian cyprinid fishBarbus melanampyx was sampled monthly through 24 months. Seasonal cycles of the gonado-somatic index (GSI), ovarian stages, male breeding tubercles, spawning behaviour and population structure were assessed. These fish breed strictly seasonally during the main dry period: December/January through April. Comparison with other Barbus species of the same general region led to the conclusion that the patterns of reproductive investment ofB. melanampyx are similar to those of perennial species, and different from those of wet-season spawners. The reasons for this rather unexpected result were found in the more constant conditions prevailing during a dry season as compared to the monsoon. It was argued thatB. melanampyx and the species spawning perennially are in effect small-brood spawners, rather than partial spawners.     

Fish oil supplementation reduces excretion of 2,3-dinor-6-oxo-PGF1α and the 11-dehydrothromboxane B2/2,3-dinor-6-oxo-PGF1α excretion ratio in adult men

Dietary supplementation with a fish oil concentrate (FOC) reduced the endogenous synthesis of prostacyclin (PGI₂), as measured by the excretion of its major urinary catabolite, 2,3-dinor-6-oxo-PGF_1α (PGI₂-M). Thirty-four healthy men (24–57 years old) were given controlled diets and supplements that provided 40% of the energy from fat and a minimum of 22 mg/d of α-tocopherol for two consecutive experimental periods of 10 weeks each. During the experimental periods, the men received capsules containing 15 g/d of a placebo oil (PO) (period 1) or 15 g/d of the FOC (period 2). In addition to the PO or FOC, capsules contained 1 mg of α-tocopherol per g of fat as an antioxidant. The average daily excretion of PGI₂-M during the last week of FOC supplementation (period 2) was 22% less (P = 0.0001) than at the end of the first period. These results are at variance with those reported in comparable human studies conducted by other investigators during the middle and late 1980s. A 20% reduction (P = 0.003) in the 11-dehydrothromboxane B₂ to 2,3-dinor-6-oxo-PGF_1α excretion ratio at the end of period 2 in this study demonstrates that a shift of the n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio from 12.5 to 2.3 brings about a substantial modulation of the eicosanoid system.