Two flavonoid glucosyltransferases from Petunia hybrida: molecular cloning,biochemical properties and developmentally regulated expression

Two flavonoid glucosyltransferases, UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (3-GT) and UDP-glucose: anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase (5-GT), are responsible for the glucosylation of anthocyani(di)ns to produce stable molecules in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. The cDNAs encoding 3-GT and 5-GT were isolated from Petunia hybrida by hybridization screening with heterologous probes. The cDNA clones of 3-GT, PGT8, and 5-GT, PH1, encode putative polypeptides of 448 and 468 amino acids, respectively. A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences of the family of glycosyltransferases from various plants shows that PGT8 belongs to the 3-GT subfamily and PH1 belongs to the 5-GT subfamily. The function of isolated cDNAs was identified by the catalytic activities for 3-GT and 5-GT exhibited by the recombinant proteins produced in yeast. The recombinant PGT8 protein could convert not only anthocyanidins but also flavonols into the corresponding 3-O-glucosides. In contrast, the recombinant PH1 protein exhibited a strict substrate specificity towards anthocyanidin 3-acylrutinoside, comparing with other 5-GTs from Perilla frutescens and Verbena hybrida, which showed broad substrate specificities towards several anthocyanidin 3-glucosides. The mRNA expression of both 3-GT and 5-GT increased in the early developmental stages of P. hybrida flower, reaching the maximum at the stage before flower opening. Southern blotting analysis of genomic DNA indicates that both 3-GT and 5-GT genes exist in two copies in P. hybrida, respectively. The results are discussed in relation to the molecular evolution of flavonoid glycosyltransferases.     

cDNA cloning, gene expression and subcellular localization of anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase from Gentiana triflora

Acylation of anthocyanins with hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives is one of the most important and less understood modification reactions during anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanin aromatic acyltransferase catalyses the transfer of hydroxycinnamic acid moieties from their CoA esters to the glycosyl groups of anthocyanins. A full-length cDNA encoding the anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase (5AT) ( EC 2.3.1.153 ) that acylates the glucose bound at the 5-position of anthocyanidin 3,5-diglucoside was isolated from petals of Gentiana triflora on the basis of the amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme. The isolated full-length cDNA had an open reading frame of 469 amino acids and the calculated molecular weight was 52 736. The deduced amino acid sequence contains consensus motifs that are conserved among the putative acyl CoA-mediated acyltransferases, and this indicates that 5AT is a member of a proposed superfamily of multifunctional acyltransferases ( St-Pierre et al . (1998 ) Plant J. 14, 703–713). The cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli and yeast, and confirmed to encode 5AT. The enzymatic characteristics of the recombinant 5AT were consistent with those of the native gentian 5AT. Immunoblot analysis using specific antibodies to 5AT showed that the 5AT protein is present in petals, but not in sepals, stems or leaves of G. triflora . RNA blot analysis showed that the 5AT gene is expressed only in petals and that its expression is temporally regulated during flower development coordinately with other anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the 5AT protein is specifically expressed in the outer epidermal cells of gentian petals and that it is localized mainly in the cytosol.     

FINE STRUCTURES OF INTRACYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES OF MYCOBACTERIA

The fine structure of the intracytoplasmic organelles of mycobacteria was studied by means of electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. A well-preserved nuclear apparatus was obtained by fixation with OsO₄ in acetate-veronal buffer, containing calcium and tryptone, or in collidine-HCl buffer, followed by uranyl-acetate treatment and embedding in araldite. A low density nuclear region was filled with fine fibrils, 30 A in diameter, in parallel or concentric arrangement. A membranous organelle, tentatively designated as "lamellar structure," consists of unit membranes in lamellar arrangement. The thickness of each lamella in this membranous organelle coincides with that of the three-layered cytoplasmic membrane Moreover, the continuity of this unit membrane with the cytoplasmic membrane was demonstrated.     

Small-Cell Formation of Staphylococcus aureus by Subinhibitory Concentrations of Nitrofuran Derivatives

Small-cell formation of Staphylococcus aureus by subinhibitory concentration of nitrofuran derivatives was examined by scanning and transparent electron microscopy.     

A new species of the genus Arhynchite (Annelida,Echiura) from sandy flats of Japan,previously referred?to as Thalassema owstoni Ikeda, 1904

A new echiuran, Arhynchite hayaoi sp. n., is described from newly collected specimens from sandy flats of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, together with many museum specimens, including those once identified as Thalassema owstoni Ikeda, 1904 or Arhynchite arhynchite (Ikeda, 1924). The new species is clearly distinguishable from its congeners by the smooth margin of gonostomal lips and lack of rectal caecum. Brief references are also made to the morphological distinction between the new species and Thalassema owstoni, originally described from the deep bottom on the Japanese Pacific coast.     

Effect of Polymyxin on the Bacteriophage Receptors of the Cell Walls of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Treatment of gram-negative bacteria with lethal doses of polymyxin B and colistin resulted in the formation of projections of the outer layer of the cell wall. Phages T3, T4, and T7, which use wall lipopolysaccharide as receptors, were specifically prevented from adsorbing to Escherichia coli B cells treated with polymyxin, whereas phages T1, T2, T5, and T6 were not. In the systems of phage P22C-Salmonella typhimurium LT2 and phage C21-S. typhimurium variant SL1069, the phage were prevented from adsorbing to the host cell treated with the antibiotics. Electron microscopic observations show that phage T2 adsorbed irreversibly to the normal smooth surface between the projections on the outer layer caused by the drug treatment. These results indicate that lipopolysaccharide is affected by polymyxin functionally and morphologically, but lipoprotein is not. The purified lipopolysaccharide showed a ribbon-like structure when viewed face on and showed trilamellar structure when viewed edge on. The lipopolysaccharide from E. coli B was irreversibly adsorbed by phages T3, T4, and T7, but not phage T2. Often, phage T4 adsorbed to both sides of the lipopolysaccharide strand at comparable distances. Phage P22C adsorbed through the spikes of the tail-plates to the lipopolysaccharide from S. typhimurium LT2. Lipopolysaccharide which was treated with low doses of the drug (2.5 to 6.25 mug of polymyxin B per ml to 100 mug of lipopolysaccharide per ml) turned into the coiled form and was partially broken down into short segments with coiled form. The loosely coiled lipopolysaccharide retains both its function as the receptor and its trilamellar structure. Treatment with high doses of the drug (12.5 to 25 mug of polymyxin B per ml to 100 mug of lipopolysaccharide per ml) caused the collapse of the trilamellar structure of the strand. These collapsed lipopolysaccharides became flat and fused with each other, making an amorphous mass, and finally they were broken into small collapsed fragments.     

LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES OF MYCOBACTERIUM—MYCOBACTERIOPHAGE INTERACTIONS : III. Further Studies on the Ultrathin Sections

The process of multiplication of mycobacteriophage B-1 in its host cell was studied by means of an improved technic of ultrathin sectioning. The appearance of the nuclear apparatus was not altered throughout the latent period. Phage-shaped dense particles appeared about 30 minutes after infection in less dense areas neighboring the nuclear apparatus and occasionally at the margin of the nuclear apparatus. The less dense areas, which may correspond to the phage multiplication foci according to the authors' interpretation, were not filled with such arrays of fine-stranded fibrils as are seen in the nuclear apparatus. Empty phage heads could frequently be seen within and outside the lysed cells, along with the mature phage particles, at the end of the latent period. Moreover, it was indicated that empty head membranes may possibly exist within the cells during the latent period     

p-Hydroxybenzoyl-Glucose Is a Zwitter Donor for the Biosynthesis of 7-Polyacylated Anthocyanin in Delphinium

The blue color of delphinium (Delphinium grandiflorum) flowers is produced by two 7-polyacylated anthocyanins, violdelphin and cyanodelphin. Violdelphin is derived from the chromophore delphinidin that has been modified at the 7-position by Glc and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA) molecules. Modification of violdelphin by linear conjugation of Glc and pHBA molecules to a Glc moiety at the 7-position produces cyanodelphin. We recently showed that anthocyanin 7-O-glucosylation in delphinium is catalyzed by the acyl-Glc–dependent anthocyanin glucosyltransferase (AAGT). Here, we sought to answer the question of which enzyme activities are necessary for catalyzing the transfer of Glc and pHBA moieties to 7-glucosylated anthocyanin. We found that these transfers were catalyzed by enzymes that use p-hydroxybenzoyl-Glc (pHBG) as a bifunctional acyl and glucosyl donor. In addition, we determined that violdelphin is synthesized via step-by-step enzymatic reactions catalyzed by two enzymes that use pHBG as an acyl or glucosyl donor. We also isolated a cDNA encoding a protein that has the potential for p-hydroxybenzoylation activity and two AAGT cDNAs that encode a protein capable of adding Glc to delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside-7-O-(6-O-[p-hydroxybenzoyl]-glucoside) to form violdelphin.