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1.
Phytoremediation is widely promoted as a cost-effective technology for treating heavy metal and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) co-contaminated soil. This study investigated the concurrent removal of TPHs and Pb in co-contaminated soil (27,000 mg kg?1 TPHs, 780 mg kg?1 Pb) by growing Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) in a pot experiment for 90 days. There were four treatments: co-contaminated soil; co-contaminated soil with C. odorata only; co-contaminated soil with C. odorata and Micrococcus luteus inoculum; and co-contaminated soil with M. luteus only. C. odorata survived and grew well in the co-contaminated soil. C. odorata with M. luteus showed the highest Pb accumulation (513.7 mg kg?1) and uptake (7.7 mg plant?1), and the highest reduction percentage of TPHs (52.2%). The higher TPH degradation in vegetated soils indicated the interaction between the rhizosphere microorganisms and plants. The results suggested that C. odorata together with M. luteus and other rhizosphere microorganisms is a promising candidate for the removal of Pb and TPHs in co-contaminated soils.  相似文献   
2.
Pyrene and fluoranthene, when supplied as the sole carbon source, were not degraded by Burkholderia sp. VUN10013. However, when added in a mixture with phenanthrene, both pyrene and fluoranthene were degraded in liquid broth and soil. The amounts of pyrene and fluoranthene in liquid media (initial concentrations of 50 mg l−1 each) decreased to 42.1% and 41.1%, respectively, after 21 days. The amounts of pyrene and fluoranthene in soil (initial concentrations of 75 mg kg−1 dry soil each) decreased to 25.8% and 12.1%, respectively, after 60 days. None of the high molecular weight (HMW) polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) tested adversely affected phenanthrene degradation by this bacterial strain and the amount of phenanthrene decreased rapidly within 3 and 15 days of incubation in liquid broth and soil, respectively. Anthracene also stimulated the degradation of pyrene or fluoranthene by Burkholderia sp. VUN10013, but to a lesser extent than phenanthrene. The extent of anthracene degradation decreased in the presence of these HMW PAHs.  相似文献   
3.
Quantitative detection of the oil-degrading bacterium Acinetobacter sp. strain MUB1 was performed using the SoilMaster DNA Extraction Kit (Epicentre, Madison, Wisconsin) and hybridization probe based real-time PCR. The detection target was the alkane hydroxylase gene (alkM). Standard curve construction showed a linear relation between log values of cell concentrations and real-time PCR threshold cycles over five orders of magnitude between 5.4±3.0×106 and 5.4±3.0×102 CFU ml−1 cell suspension. The detection limit was about 540 CFU ml−1, which was ten times more sensitive than conventional PCR. The quantification of Acinetobacter sp. strain MUB1 cells in soil samples resulted in 46.67%, 82.41%, and 87.59% DNA recovery with a detection limit of 5.4±3.0×104 CFU g−1 dry soil. In this study, a method was developed for the specific, sensitive, and rapid quantification of the Acinetobacter sp. strain MUB1 in soil samples.  相似文献   
4.
A series of field trials were conducted to investigate the potential of Noccaea caerulescens F.K. Mey [syn. Thlaspi caerulescens J &C Presl. (see Koch and Al-Shehbaz 2004)] populations (genotypes) derived from southern France to phytoextract localized Cd/Zn contamination in Thailand. Soil treatments included pH variation and fertilization level and application of fungicide. N. caerulescens populations were transplanted to the field plots three months after germination and harvested in May, prior to the onset of seasonal rains. During this period growth was rapid with shoot biomass ranging from 0.93–2.2 g plant–1 (280–650 kg ha–1) DW. Shoot Cd and Zn concentrations for the four populations evaluated ranged from 460–600 and 2600–2900 mg kg–1 DW respectively. Cadmium and Zn Translocation Factors (shoot/root) for the populations tested ranged from 0.91–1.0 and 1.7–2.1 and Bioaccumulation Factors ranged from 12–15 and 1.2–1.3. We conclude that optimizing the use of fungicidal sprays, acidic soil pH, planting density and increasing the effective cropping period will increase rates of Cd and Zn removal enough to facilitate practical Cd phytoextraction from rice paddy soils in Thailand.  相似文献   
5.
The ability of Burkholderia sp. VUN10013 to degrade anthracene in microcosms of two acidic Thai soils was studied. The addition of Burkholderia sp. VUN10013 (initial concentration of 10(5) cells g(-1) dry soil) to autoclaved soil collected from the Plew District, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand, supplemented with anthracene (50 mg kg(-1) dry soil) resulted in complete degradation of the added anthracene within 20 days. In contrast, under the same test conditions but using autoclaved soil collected from the Kitchagude District, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand, only approximately 46.3% of the added anthracene was degraded after 60 days of incubation. In nonautoclaved soils, without adding the VUN10013 inocula, 22.8 and 19.1% of the anthracene in Plew and Kitchagude soils, respectively, were degraded by indigenous bacteria after 60 days. In nonautoclaved soil inoculated with Burkholderia sp. VUN10013, the rate and extent of anthracene degradation were considerably better than those seen in autoclaved soils or in uninoculated nonautoclaved soils in that only 8.2 and 9.1% of anthracene remained in nonautoclaved Plew and Kitchagude soils, respectively, after 10 days of incubation. The results showed that the indigenous microorganisms in the pristine acidic soils have limited ability to degrade anthracene. Inoculation with the anthracene-degrading Burkholderia sp. VUN10013 significantly enhanced anthracene degradation in such acidic soils. The indigenous microorganisms greatly assisted the VUN10013 inoculum in anthracene degradation, especially in the more acidic Kitchagude soil.  相似文献   
6.
Sonchus arvensis is one of the pioneer plant species that were found in the abandoned Bo Ngam Pb mine in Thailand. S. arvensis was collected from three sites. The highest Pb shoot concentration was 9317 mg kg?1 and the highest translocation factor (TF) and bioaccumulation factor (BF) values were 2.5 and 6.0, respectively. To investigate Pb uptake capacity of S. arvensis, a hydroponic experiment was performed for 15 d. S. arvensis exposed to 5 mg L?1 Pb solution had the highest Pb shoot accumulation (849 mg kg?1). In a pot study, S. arvensis was grown in Pb mine soils amended with organic and inorganic fertilizers for 2 mo. The addition of organic fertilizer to the soil increased plant dry biomass sharply. All treatments with ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) had Pb accumulation in shoots greater than 1000 mg kg?1 and the highest Pb shoot accumulation was found in S. arvensis grown in soil amended with organic fertilizer and EDTA (1397 mg kg?1). In a field trial study, S. arvensis was grown at three sites in the mine area for 6 mo. S. arvensis could tolerate a total Pb of 100,000 mg kg?1 in the soil and accumulated Pb in the shoots up to 3664 mg kg?1 with high TF (2.19) and BF (2.38) values. These results suggest that S. arvensis is a good candidate for Pb phytoremediation.  相似文献   
7.
The undulated surf clam Paphia undulata supports Thailand's largest shellfishery in the Gulf of Thailand, with landings in 1999 recorded at 70000 t (metric tonnes) yr(-1). We report, for the first time, the prevalence of Perkinsus sp. in clams in the Gulf. A monthly survey from January to December 2001 utilizing the fluid thioglycollate medium (FTM) method showed that average monthly prevalence was 84.7% (n = 360). The monthly percentage of infected clams was generally 100%, with low prevalence in May (66.7%) and no infection in September. The monthly mean infection intensity in terms of Perkinsus sp. cells g(-1) tissue varied from 0 in September to 187 759 +/- 18970 (x +/- SE) in October. No obvious annual variation in intensity and prevalence was observed. Prezoosporangia that developed in FTM were 25 to 75 pm in diameter. A few days after incubation in aerated seawater, the prezoosporangia underwent successive binary cell division and formed motile zoospores (2 to 5 microm long). The zoospores were released into the seawater through a discharge tube formed during the 2- and 4-cell stages. Serial semi-thin sections (1 to 4 pm thickness) of clam tissue (n = 120 clams) showed developing trophozoites 3 to 6 pm in diameter within gills, connective tissue, gonads and, especially, the digestive glands. Microscopic features of different life stages indicated that Perkinsus sp. in Thailand closely resembled P. olseni (= P. atlanticus) reported in Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Japan, Spain and Portugal.  相似文献   
8.
This is the first detailed report of Nematopsis spp. in Thai bivalves. A monthly survey was conducted on 7 species of commercial bivalves from Chonburi province, on the eastern seaboard of Thailand, from November 2000 to November 2001 to investigate the prevalence of the apicomplexan parasite Nematopsis Schneider, 1892. Nematopsis spp. sporozoites were found in the cultivated bivalves Arcuatula arcuatula, Anadara granosa and Perna viridis as well as the locally harvested Paphia undulata. They were not found in Donax faba, Meretrix meretrix or Saccostrea cucullata. Using light microscopy, we were able to identiby 4 oocyst morphotypes of the gregarine Nematopsis spp. Prevalence of Nematopsis spp. during the 13 mo sampling period was highest in A. arcuatula (91.8%; n = 110) and lowest in A. granosa (59.2%; n = 130). The morphology of the oocysts differed between hosts, with an average (x +/- SD) length/width of 16.28 +/- 0.64/12.01 +/- 0.35 microm (n = 50) for A. arcuatula, 16.90 +/- 0.71/12.69 +/- 0.33 microm (n = 50) for A. granosa, 17.61 +/- 0.69/12.72 +/- 0.36 microm (n = 50) for P. viridis, and 11.21 +/- 0.62/8.55 +/- 0.52 microm (n = 50) for P. undulata. Identification of oocysts of these apicomplexan gregarines to species was not attempted. The prevalence of infection in relation to habitat and time of sampling is discussed.  相似文献   
9.
A field survey was conducted to search for Pb accumulation in fern species at Bo Ngam Pb mine, Thailand. Eleven fern species including Pteris vittata accumulated Pb in the range of 23.3–295.6 mg kg?1 in the aboveground parts. Hydroponic, pot, and field trial experiments were carried out to investigate Pb-accumulation ability in ferns; including P. vittata and the ornamental species, Pityrogramma calomelanos, Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Gracillimum, and N. exaltata cv. Smirha. In hydroponic experiment, Pi. calomelanos accumulated the highest concentration of Pb (root 14161.1 mg kg?1, frond 402.7 mg kg?1). The pot study showed that P. vittata, Pi. calomelanos, and N. exaltata cv. Gracillimum grew well when grown in soil Pb at 92900 mg kg?1. N. exaltata cv. Gracillimum accumulated the highest Pb concentration in the frond (5074 mg kg?1) and P. vittata accumulated the highest Pb concentration in the root (16257.5 mg kg?1). All fern species exhibited TF values less than 1 in both hydroponic and pot experiments. When P. vittata and Pi. calomelanos were grown at mine soils for 6 months, P. vittata tolerated higher soil Pb (94584–101405 mg kg?1) and accumulated more Pb in frond (4829.6 mg kg?1) and showed TF > 1 after 2 months of growth. These results indicated that P. vittata can be potentially useful for phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soil.  相似文献   
10.
During fermentation, yeast cells are exposed to a number of stresses — such as high alcohol concentration, high osmotic pressure, and temperature fluctuation — so some overlap of mechanisms involved in the response to these stresses has been suggested. To identify the genes required for tolerance to alcohol (ethanol, methanol, and 1-propanol), heat, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress, we performed genome-wide screening by using 4828 yeast deletion mutants. Our screens identified 95, 54, 125, 178, 42, and 30 deletion mutants sensitive to ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol, heat, NaCl, and H2O2, respectively. These deleted genes were then classified based on their cellular functions, and cross-sensitivities between stresses were determined. A large number of genes involved in vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) function, cytoskeleton biogenesis, and cell wall integrity, were required for tolerance to alcohol, suggesting their protective role against alcohol stress. Our results revealed a partial overlap between genes required for alcohol tolerance and those required for thermotolerance. Genes involved in cell wall integrity and the actin cytoskeleton are required for both alcohol tolerance and thermotolerance, whereas the RNA polymerase II mediator complex seems to be specific to heat tolerance. However, no significant overlap of genes required for osmotic stress and oxidative stress with those required for other stresses was observed. Interestingly, although mitochondrial function is likely involved in tolerance to several stresses, it was found to be less important for thermotolerance. The genes identified in this study should be helpful for future research into the molecular mechanisms of stress response.  相似文献   
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