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1.
Ahtiainen Jari J.; Alatalo Rauno V.; Kortet Raine; Rantala Markus J. 《Behavioral ecology》2004,15(4):602-606
A simple version of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesizesthat through condition-dependence, the size of the sexual traitmay be positively related to immune function at the populationlevel. In the present study, we investigated the relationshipbetween sexual advertisement and immune function in a naturalpopulation of male wolf spiders, Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata (Araneae:Lycosidae). Males of H. rubrofasciata have a costly and condition-dependentacoustic signal, courtship drumming. In the mating season, malesdrum against dry leaves while wandering around the habitat searchingfor receptive females. Males increase their mating success byincreasing their drumming rate and mobility. We used drummingrate and mobility measured without female proximity as estimatesof sexual advertisement. As estimates of male immune function,we used encapsulation rate and lytic activity. Encapsulationrate is a common challenging technique, which measures immuneresponse against multicellular parasites. Lytic activity isa monitoring technique, which measures immune response againstpathogens. Our results show that males with higher drummingrate had higher encapsulation rate. This suggests that femalesmight use drumming rate as a signal for choosing males withgood immunocompetence. Moreover, our results show that maleswith higher mobility had higher lytic activity. As females aremore likely to encounter those males that have higher mobility,this might also select males with better immune function. Ourresults suggest that the immunocompetence handicap might workalso among spiders, although we could not assess the causalityof the relationship between sexual selection and immune functionin this correlational study. 相似文献
2.
Peter R. Johnston Stephen J. Walker Jari A.K. Hyttinen David Kilpatrick 《Mathematical biosciences》1994,120(2)
The inverse problem of electrocardiography, the computation of epicardial potentials from body surface potentials, is influenced by the desired resolution on the epicardium, the number of recording points on the body surface, and the method of limiting the inversion process. To examine the role of these variables in the computation of the inverse transform, Tikhonov's zero-order regularization and singular value decomposition (SVD) have been used to invert the forward transfer matrix. The inverses have been compared in a data-independent manner using the resolution and the noise amplification as endpoints. Sets of 32, 50, 192, and 384 leads were chosen as sets of body surface data, and 26, 50, 74, and 98 regions were chosen to represent the epicardium.The resolution and noise were both improved by using a greater number of electrodes on the body surface. When 60% of the singular values are retained, the results show a trade-off between noise and resolution, with typical maximal epicardial noise levels of less than 0.5% of maximum epicardial potentials for 26 epicardial regions, 2.5% for 50 epicardial regions, 7.5% for 74 epicardial regions, and 50% for 98 epicardial regions. As the number of epicardial regions is increased, the regularization technique effectively fixes the noise amplification but markedly decreases the resolution, whereas SVD results in an increase in noise and a moderate decrease in resolution. Overall the regularization technique performs slightly better than SVD in the noise-resolution relationship.There is a region at the posterior of the heart that was poorly resolved regardless of the number of regions chosen. The variance of the resolution was such as to suggest the use of variable-size epicardial regions based on the resolution. 相似文献
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Vendela Parrow Eewa Nnberg Jari Heikkil Ulf Hammerling Sven Phlman 《Journal of cellular physiology》1992,152(3):536-544
SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells can be induced to differentiate into a neuronal phenotype by treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In other cell systems, TPA treatment frequently leads to down-regulation of protein kinase C (PKC). However, we now report that TPA-treated and non-treated SH-SY5Y cells express PKC-alpha, but not PKC-beta and PKC-gamma, mRNA. Furthermore, only a slight down-regulation of the PKC-alpha protein could be seen during prolonged treatment with 16 nM TPA, the concentration giving optimal differentiation. In contrast, a higher concentration of TPA (1.6 microM) results in a poor neuronal differentiation and a complete down-regulation of PKC-alpha. PKC-alpha was rapidly translocated to the particulate fraction and remained membrane bound for at least 4 days during treatment with 16 nM TPA. In such cells a sustained increased level of the phosphorylated form of a 80,000 Dalton PKC-substrate was found. In addition to this sustained augmented phosphorylation, administration of fresh TPA at day 4 caused a small but reproducible further increased level of phosphorylated substrate. When the PKC activity was measured by the histone phosphorylation assay a substantial fraction of the initial enzyme activity could still be detected after 4 days of TPA treatment. Taken together, the data demonstrate that PKC remains functionally active during TPA induced differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells, which may suggest a continuous role for the enzyme during the differentiation process. 相似文献
5.
Koskela S Söderholm PP Ainasoja M Wennberg T Klika KD Ovcharenko VV Kylänlahti I Auerma T Yli-Kauhaluoma J Pihlaja K Vuorela PM Teeri TH 《Planta》2011,233(1):37-48
A previously isolated cDNA molecule from Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae) codes for a new chalcone synthase-like polyketide synthase, 2-pyrone synthase (2PS). 2PS is able to synthesise 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone (triacetolactone), a putative precursor for gerberin and parasorboside, two abundant glucosides in gerbera. In this study, we show that gerbera plants transformed with the gene for 2PS in an antisense orientation and unable to synthesise gerberin and parasorboside are susceptible to Botrytis cinerea infection. In addition to the preformed glucosides, the transgenic plants also lack several compounds that are induced in control plants when infected with the mould. Some of these induced substances are effective in inhibiting fungal growth both in vitro and in vivo. Two of the phytoalexins were identified as the aglycones of gerberin and trans-parasorboside. The third phytoalexin is a rare coumarin, 4-hydroxy-5-methylcoumarin; however, it is typical of many plants of the sunflower family Asteraceae. The coumarin cannot be structurally derived from either gerberin or parasorboside, but may be derived from a related polyketide intermediate. 相似文献
6.
Using the ecosystem services approach for better planning and conservation of urban green spaces: a Finland case study 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Jari Niemelä Sanna-Riikka Saarela Tarja Söderman Leena Kopperoinen Vesa Yli-Pelkonen Seija Väre D. Johan Kotze 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2010,19(11):3225-3243
Ecosystem services are vital for humans in urban regions. However, urban development poses a great risk for the ability of
ecosystems to provide these services. In this paper we first address the most important ecosystem services in functional urban
regions in Finland. Well accessible and good quality recreational ecosystem services, for example, provided by urban nature,
are an important part of a high-quality living environment and important for public health. Vegetation of urban regions can
have a role in carbon dioxide sequestration and thus in climate change mitigation. For instance, estimates of carbon sinks
can be compared to total CO2 emissions of an urban region, and the municipality can aim at both increasing carbon sinks and decreasing CO2 emissions with proper land-use planning. Large and contiguous core nature areas, smaller green areas and ecological connections
between them are the essence of regional ecological networks and are essential for maintaining interconnected habitats for
species and thus biological diversity. Thus, both local and regional level ecological networks are vital for maintaining ecosystem
services in urban regions. The impacts of climate change coupled with land-use and land cover change will bring serious challenges
for maintaining ecosystem services in urban areas. Although not yet widely used in planning practices, the ecosystem services
approach can provide an opportunity for land-use planning to develop ecologically sustainable urban regions. Currently, information
on ecosystem services of urban regions is lacking and there is a need to improve the knowledge base for land-use planning. 相似文献
7.
Sanna Loppi Paula Korhonen Maria Bouvy‐Liivrand Simone Caligola Tiia A. Turunen Mikko P. Turunen Ana Hernandez de Sande Natalia Koosowska Flavia Scoyni Anna Rosell Teresa García‐Berrocoso Sighild Lemarchant Hiramani Dhungana Joan Montaner Jari Koistinaho Katja M. Kanninen Minna U. Kaikkonen Rosalba Giugno Merja Heinniemi Tarja Malm 《Aging cell》2021,20(1)
8.
9.
Hiramani Dhungana Tarja Malm Adam Denes Piia Valonen Sara Wojciechowski Johanna Magga Ekaterina Savchenko Neil Humphreys Richard Grencis Nancy Rothwell Jari Koistinaho 《Aging cell》2013,12(5):842-850
Ischemic stroke is confounded by conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and infection, all of which alter peripheral inflammatory processes with concomitant impact on stroke outcome. The majority of the stroke patients are elderly, but the impact of interactions between aging and inflammation on stroke remains unknown. We thus investigated the influence of age on the outcome of stroke in animals predisposed to systemic chronic infection. Th1‐polarized chronic systemic infection was induced in 18–22 month and 4‐month‐old C57BL/6j mice by administration of Trichuris muris (gut parasite). One month after infection, mice underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion and infarct size, brain gliosis, and brain and plasma cytokine profiles were analyzed. Chronic infection increased the infarct size in aged but not in young mice at 24 h. Aged, ischemic mice showed altered plasma and brain cytokine responses, while the lesion size correlated with plasma prestroke levels of RANTES. Moreover, the old, infected mice exhibited significantly increased neutrophil recruitment and upregulation of both plasma interleukin‐17α and tumor necrosis factor‐α levels. Neither age nor infection status alone or in combination altered the ischemia‐induced brain microgliosis. Our results show that chronic peripheral infection in aged animals renders the brain more vulnerable to ischemic insults, possibly by increasing the invasion of neutrophils and altering the inflammation status in the blood and brain. Understanding the interactions between age and infections is crucial for developing a better therapeutic regimen for ischemic stroke and when modeling it as a disease of the elderly. 相似文献
10.
Sascha M. Kirchner Lea Hiltunen Thomas F. D?ring Elina Virtanen Jukka P. Palohuhta Jari P. T. Valkonen 《PloS one》2013,8(8)