Meiofaunal responses to nutrient additions in a Mediterranean stream

1. The effects of a moderate addition of nutrients (twofold N and threefold P) were examined during a 2‐year period to determine the response to nutrient addition in a meiofaunal community inhabiting sandy patches in a Mediterranean stream. 2. The pattern of meiofaunal assemblages exhibits a high degree of intra‐ and interannual variability. This pattern alternates between periods of hydrological stability and disturbances, such as floods and droughts, which is a characteristic of Mediterranean systems. 3. A before–after–control–impact (BACI) design was used to determine the outcome of the addition by comparing an upstream non‐enriched reach with an enriched downstream reach. Analysis of the study data by means of a nonparametric permutational procedure (permanova ) showed that fertilisation had a significant effect. Density and biomass values increased in the most abundant meiofaunal groups, including microcrustaceans, oligochaetes and chironomids. Microcrustaceans were the dominant group in the permanent meiofauna. 4. We also examined differences in microcrustacean secondary production in both reaches. Ostracods and cyclopoid copepods increased their secondary production in the impacted reach as a result of the nutrient addition. 5. Our study demonstrated that moderate nutrient enrichment can affect the biomass and production of stream meiofauna, but it is still unclear whether this effect was because of autotrophic or heterotrophic pathways.     

The Ordovician-Silurian boundary stratotype: consequences of its approval by the IUGS

Lespérance, Pierre J., Barnes, Christopher R., Berry, William B. N., Boucot, Arthur J. & Mu En-zhi 1987 07 15: The Ordovician-Silurian boundary stratotype: consequences of its approval by the IUGS.
The Ordovician-Silurian stratotype at Dob's Linn, Scotland is the second systemic boundary approved by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). A review of the internationally accepted criteria required of a stratotype shows that few of these are possessed by the Dob's Linn section. The strongest attribute of the section is the presence of zonal graptolites, although the boundary is recognized primarily on a single biological event (base of acuminatus Zone) for which the evolutionary relationships of the taxa are not established. In approving this boundary proposal in 1985, which received only simple majority support within the Ordovician-Silurian Boundary Working Group (OSBWG) and which fails to meet most of the accepted prerequisites for a stratotype, the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and the IUGS have established an unfortunate precedent. It follows that future systemic boundaries need not meet the accepted standards. It raises serious questions on the assessment and voting procedures of the International Commission on Stratigraphy and on the credence accorded the recommendations developed by the International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification of IUGS.     

Coordinated mRNA and Protein Expression of Human LAMP-1 in Induction of Melanogenesis After UV-B Exposure and Co-Transfection of Human Tyrosinase and TRP-1 cDNAs

In order to better understand the cascade of melanogenic events in melanocytes, this report has introduced our two recent approaches for the expression of melanogenesis/or melanosome-associated genes and encoded proteins in melanocytes (melanoma cells) after repeated exposure to UV -B and after cotransfection of two human genes, i.e., tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1). Repeated exposure of UV B (2.5–5.0 mJ/cm²) caused not only upregulation of tyrosinase and TRP-1 genes but also coordinated increase in the gene and protein synthesis expression of Lamp-1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein-1). When COS-7 kidney cells and amelanotic melanoma (C32 and SKMEL-24) and melanotic melanoma (G361 and SK-MEL-23) cells were exposed to cotransfection of human tyrosinase and TRP-1 cDNAs, there was also an increased expression of Lamp-1 mRNA and protein along with tyrosinase activation and new melanin synthesis. Importantly, single transfectants of human tyrosinase cDNA revealed marked cellular degeneration, whereas this degeneration was not seen in single transfectants of TRP-1 cDNA or cotransfectants of human tyrosinase and TRP-1 cDNAs, indicating that TRP-1 prevented, along with Lamp-1, programmed death of melanocytes after transfection of tyrosinase gene. The coordinated expression of TRP-1 and Lamp-1 was further confirmed by antisense oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization experiment against Lamp-1 gene, showing the decreased expression of TRP-1 as identified by three different types of anti-TRP-1 monoclonal antibodies. We propose therefore that human tyrosinase and TRP-l, when activated or expressed together, will coordinate to upregulate the mRNA expression and protein synthesis of Lamp-1. The Lamp-1 molecules will, in turn, cover the inner surface of melanosomal membrane, together with TRP-1 molecules, thus protecting the melanosomal membrane from toxic melanin intermediates generated during melanogenesis in the presence of active tyrosinase. In contrast, the expression of other lysosome-related proteins, e.g., β-galactosidase and CD63 is not stimulated in new melanogenesis.     

西藏色季拉山暗针叶林苔藓多样性及林窗干扰的影响

为了解西藏色季拉山暗针叶林苔藓多样性及林窗干扰的影响,在过去工作积累的基础上研究了色季拉山西坡5块样地内不同林内环境(林窗、林缘和林下)地面、腐木和树附生苔藓生物量特征。结果表明, 地面生单位面积苔藓植物生物量储量最高,平均910.10 g/m²,其次为腐木生(221.90 g/m²),树附生的最低(53.59 g/m²)。林窗地面生苔藓单位面积生物量最高,均值为360.47 g/m²,其次为林下(305.51 g/m²),最小为林缘(244.11 g/m²);林窗、林缘和林下间的地面生苔藓单位面积生物量差异显著(P＜0.05)。沿海拔梯度,林窗苔藓单位面积生物量表现出先增加后减少的趋势。因此,在西藏色季拉山暗针叶林内,林窗对地面生苔藓单位面积生物量有显著影响。     

湿地松木质部和针叶松脂合成基因分析

为挖掘湿地松(Pinus elliottii)松脂合成相关的基因,对不同采脂期的木质部和针叶进行高通量转录组测序,与火炬松(Pinus taeda)参考基因组进行比对,共获得了68 211条unigenes,546 356 450条clean reads,平均比对率达90.21%。将不同时期木质部、木质部与针叶间进行两两对比,以P＜0.05,|log₂FoldChange|＞1.0为标准来筛选差异基因,并进行GO和KEGG富集分析。结果表明,参与萜类物质合成的差异基因有133个,其中大部分富集在MEP途径,从差异基因中挑选8个产脂相关的候选基因进行RT-qPCR验证,确定HMGR、DXS、TPS、ABC转运蛋白基因与产脂存在关联性。通过转录组测序与分析,挖掘出133个参与松脂萜类物质合成相关的差异基因,其中萜烯合酶基因(TPS)和ABC转运基因在正调控萜类物质合成中发挥关键作用。     

抗白粉病小麦染色体组型的分子标记与生化标记分析

应用与小麦第六同源群有关的分子和生化标记,包括ＤＮＡ探针ｐＳｃ５·３Ｈ３和ｐＳＲ１６７以及同工酶Ｅｓｔ－５和ａ－Ａｍｙ－１,对来自六倍体小黑麦Ｂｅａｇｌｅ与普通小麦科冬５８杂交后代Ｆ１花粉植株的抗白粉病株系Ｍ２４．Ｍ０９及Ｍ１７进行了分析。结果表明,Ｍ２４、Ｍ０９及Ｍ１７不同程度地含有黑麦染色体成分,而且电泳谱带差别较大,据此推断,Ｍ０９为６ＲＬ的易位系。因此,生化和分子标记不仅可以用于确定外源片段的存在,而且可以帮助确定染色体组型和外源片段的位置     

高含量、低用量颗粒剂防治玉米螟的研究

1973—1977年,作者研究了防治玉米螟颗粒剂的“高含量、低用量”问题,即在单位面积上有效成分用量相等下,探讨逐步提高颗粒剂中有效成分含量而又按比例减少单位面积上颗粒剂用量的防治效果的相关性。结果证明,在相当大的范围内,高含量、低用量可以代替低含量、高用量。每亩用辛硫磷4克时,1.6%颗炷剂每亩用0.5斤与0.1%颗粒剂每亩用8斤均可获80%左右相似的防治效果;每亩用对硫磷40克时,8%颗粒剂每亩用1斤与1%颗粒剂每亩用8斤均可获90%以上防治效果。对地亚农和二氯苯醚菊酯试验亦获类似结果。 颗粒剂应用这一改革,有利于成品化和机械施药,并可显著降低防治成本。 同时,还做了室内毒力测定及在玉米上残效作用测定,以验证田间防治效果。 近二十年来,国内、外一直把颗粒剂做为防治玉米心叶期玉米螟(`Ostrinia nubilalis`` Hübner)的有效手段。我国自五十年代末已开始研究和应用滴滴涕、六六六等颗粒剂防治玉米螟,获得了高于六六六药液灌心的防治效果(邱式邦等,1961;邱式邦等,1963;慕立义,1963)。但由于颗粒剂用量大、费用高而未能成批生产。土法生产、群制群用的颗粒剂亦存在着缺点:(1)加工时不但造粒、选粒用工多,而且粒度、有效成分的含量及在载体上的分布均难以规格化,药效不够稳定;(2)加工所用的毒剂均为农药制剂。如用乳油、除乳化剂及有机溶剂被浪费外,往往还引起玉米的药害;如用粉剂,则不能渗入载体内部,不耐雨水冲洗而降低残效;(3)由于颗粒剂不规格化和单位面积用量大而不利于机械施药。因此,多年来生产上迫切需要高效、低毒、低残毒、价廉和利于机械施药的成品颗粒剂以代替土法生产的颗粒剂。     

基于土地利用及植被覆盖变化的黄河源区生境质量时空变化特征

位于青藏高原腹地的黄河源地区生态环境脆弱,面临生物多样性锐减、生态系统退化等问题,黄河源区生态系统保护及其高质量发展已成为国家的重点战略之一。土地利用与植被覆盖是影响生境质量的重要因素,定量化土地利用方式、强度及格局和植被覆盖格局对生态质量影响的研究越来越受到关注,但其对黄河源区生态质量的耦合效应尚不明确。基于2000年和2015年黄河源区土地利用类型及生长季归一化植被指数（NDVI）,采用InVEST模型探究了不同时期黄河源区生境质量时空变化,并采用地理加权回归（GWR）模型揭示了生境质量对土地利用和植被覆盖变化的空间响应特征。结果表明,2000年与2015年土地利用类型变化主要为未利用土地向草地的转移。植被覆盖变化方面,源区生长季NDVI整体上升。从生境质量的空间分布来看,黄河源区生境质量总体呈现南高北低的空间格局,高值分布在南部及中部地区,低值分布在北部布青山、东北部高海拔区及黄河乡的黄河沿岸。相较于2000年,2015年黄河源区生境质量平均提高11.47%。草地面积和NDVI与生境质量均呈显著正相关关系,其中NDVI是提高黄河源区生境质量的重要驱动因子。研究结果突出了NDVI对提高黄河源区生境质量的主导作用,可为未来源区生态保护提供借鉴。     

表面活性剂对嗜盐嗜碱硫碱弧菌D301生成及利用硫颗粒的影响

【背景】微生物脱硫是脱除气体中硫化氢的一种有效方法,其中,硫颗粒的生成与代谢是控制生物脱硫效率的关键,但目前相应的控制方法很少。【目的】研究不同种类表面活性剂对硫碱弧菌D301生成及利用硫颗粒的影响。【方法】通过摇床培养,利用X射线衍射、冷场发射扫描电镜、能谱分析及傅里叶红外光谱对硫颗粒进行表征。【结果】单质硫主要以S8形式存在,吐温-80和十二烷基磺酸钠(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate,SDS)的添加对硫颗粒的形态及生成量影响明显。对照组中生成的硫颗粒呈规则球形,光滑完整,其表面附着蛋白质等生物大分子;加入0.01 g/L吐温-80后,硫颗粒呈长杆状、颗粒增大、利用速率减慢;加入0.3g/L的SDS后,硫颗粒呈短棒状、生成量减少、利用速率加快,同时延缓了硫碱弧菌D301的衰亡。【结论】添加表面活性剂可以改变硫颗粒形态并且影响其利用,是一种调控硫颗粒生成和代谢的有效手段。     

长白山亚高山针叶林沼泽湿地碳源/汇沿水分环境梯度变化规律

高纬度和高海拔区为气候变化敏感区,该区域湿地碳循环与气候反馈关系倍受关注。为探究在全球变暖背景下高海拔区沼泽湿地碳源/汇功能是否发生了转化,以长白山高海拔区沿水分环境梯度分布的5种沼泽类型(草丛沼泽-C、灌丛沼泽-G、落叶松泥炭藓沼泽-LN、落叶松藓类沼泽-LX、落叶松苔草沼泽-LT)为对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法和相对生长方程法,同步测定各沼泽类型全年尺度上的土壤异养呼吸碳排放量(CO₂和CH₄)、植被年净固碳量及相关环境因子(温度、水位和土壤有机碳等),并依据生态系统净碳收支平衡,量化各沼泽类型的碳源/汇作用,揭示其沿水分环境梯度变化规律及形成机制。结果表明：(1)5种沼泽类型土壤CO₂年均通量((97.68±8.64)—(291.01±18.31)mg m^-2 h^-1)沿水分环境梯度呈阶梯式递增规律性(环境梯度上部生境地段的落叶松苔草沼泽和落叶松藓类沼泽最高,中部生境地段的落叶松泥炭藓沼泽和灌丛沼泽居中,草丛沼泽最低);(2)CH₄年均通量((-0....