A new species of Galearis (Orchidinae: Orchidaceae) from Sichuan,China

A new species, Galearis huanglongensis Q.W.Meng & Y.B.Luo, is described and illustrated. It is similar to Galearis cyclochila (Franch. & Sav.) Soó and Galearis diantha (Schltr.) P.F.Hunt, but differs in having a short spur, two elliptical lateral stigma lobes and distinctly separated bursicles. This new species is known only from the type locality, the Huanglong Valley, Songpan County, western Sichuan, China, growing amongst mosses under alpine shrubs at an elevation of about 3000 m. Based on two years of observations of its population size, the species was categorized as critically endangered CR (B1a, B2a) according to the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1. The micromorphology of pollinia and seeds was observed by scanning electron microscopy and compared with that of G. cyclochila and G. diantha. The results supported G. huanglongensis Q.W.Meng & Y.B.Luo as a new species. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 689–695.     

The protective effects of MSC‐EXO against pulmonary hypertension through regulating Wnt5a/BMP signalling pathway

The aim of the study was to explore the mechanism of mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosomes (MSC‐EXO) to protect against experimentally induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). Monocrotaline (MCT)‐induced rat model of PH was successfully established by a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg MCT, 3 weeks later the animals were treated with MSC‐EXO via tail vein injection. Post‐operation, our results showed that MSC‐EXO could significantly reduce right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and the right ventricular hypertrophy index, attenuate pulmonary vascular remodelling and lung fibrosis in vivo. In vitro experiment, the hypoxia models of pulmonary artery endothelial cell (PAEC) and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell (PASMC) were used. We found that the expression levels of Wnt5a, Wnt11, BMPR2, BMP4 and BMP9 were increased, but β‐catenin, cyclin D1 and TGF‐β1 were decreased in MSC‐EXO group as compared with MCT or hypoxia group in vivo or vitro. However, these increased could be blocked when cells were transfected with Wnt5a siRNA in vitro. Taken together, these results suggested that the mechanism of MSC‐EXO to prevent PH vascular remodelling may be via regulation of Wnt5a/BMP signalling pathway.     

猫颈动脉区压力和化学感受性刺激对巨细胞旁外侧核单位放电的影响

在31只氯醛糖和氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的猫,观察了选择性激活颈动脉压力和化学感受器对巨细胞旁外侧核(PGL)单位放电的影响。136个PGL自发放电单位中,有84个在激活颈动脉压力感受器(BA)(新福林,1—2μg/kg,iv)和/或激活颈动脉化学感受器(CA)(nicotine 5—20μg,溶于0.25—0.5ml生理盐水中,注入甲状腺动脉)时,放电频率有变化。在这些有反应的单位中,16个仅对CA起反应(11个兴奋、5个抑制);54个以各种组合方式对CA和BA都起反应,其中以CA引起兴奋反应而BA引起抑制反应的占比例最大;14个仅对BA起反应(7个兴奋,7个抑制)。在定位分布上,那些只对CA起反应的单位多位于PGL的腹侧部份;仅对BA起反应的单位则位于对CA起反应单位的较背侧;对BA和CA均起反应的单位介于上述两者之间或在较深区域。这些结果表明,颈动脉区压力和化学感受器活动传入到PGL,并会聚在其中一些神经元上。 在PGL内全部有反应的单位中,68个对激活颈动脉压力感受器起反应,其中兴奋的29个,抑制的39个(P>0.05);70个对激活颈动脉化学感受器起反应,其中48个兴奋,22个抑制(P<0.005)。这些结果提示,BA对PGL神经元引起兴奋和抑制两种效应,而CA则诱发兴奋为主的反应。     

辣椒素引起脊髓P物质释放及其对血压的影响

为进一步研究脊髓 P 物质(SP)在调节心血管活动中的作用,在大鼠脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射(ith)辣淑素(cap),以刺激脊髓 SP 能神经末梢释放 SP,结果引起血浆去甲肾上腺素(NA)和肾上腺素(AD)含量增高,及具有剂量依赖性的动脉血压上升,心率升高。ith 具有高度特异性的 SP 受体拮抗剂或 SP 抗血清均可阻断 cap 引起的升压效应,免疫组化测定也观察到注入的cap 剂量越大,脊髓胸段 SP 样免疫阳性反应物的致密度越低,这些观察结果支持 cap 可以引起脊髓内 SP 的释放的说法。在第一颈段(C_1)横断脊髓后 ith cap 所引起的升压效应与完整动物 ith cap 的升压效应无显著差异。以上结果提示脊髓 SP 能神经末梢释放的 SP 可以通过交感肾上腺髓质系统引起心血管兴奋效应,SP 可能是引起交感节前神经元兴奋的神经递质。     

岩羊小肠毛圆线虫一新种（小杆目,圆线亚目：毛圆科）

本文报道了岩羊小肠的祁连毛圆线虫,新种Trichostrongylus qilianensis sp. nov., 其形态与已发表的39种毛圆线虫均有明显区别。     

大鼠下丘脑室旁核神经元对电刺激蓝斑和中缝背核的反应

用玻璃微电极细胞外记录大鼠室旁核(PVH)神经元的单位放电,观察它对电刺激蓝斑(LC)和中缝背核(DR)的反应。 在435个被试验单位中,5个单位对LC电刺激呈现逆行反应,75个单位呈现顺行反应。在这75个顺行反应单位中,27个对单刺激发生反应,48个对串刺激发生反应。对电刺激DR发生反应的有74个单位,其中15个对单刺激发生反应,59个对串刺激发生反应而对单刺激不反应。值得注意的是有23个PVH神经元既对LG刺激又对DR刺激发生顺行反应。实验结果提示,PVH与LC、DR之间存在神经联系。     

GABA对大鼠下丘脑正中隆起LHRH释放调节的研究

本研究应用大鼠下丘脑正中隆起(ME),观察 γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)和去甲肾上腺素(NA)对下丘脑促黄体生成激素释放激素(LHRH)神经元末梢分泌作用的影响。结果发现:GABA(10~(-6)mol/L)可显著促进 ME 的 LHRH 和 NA 的释放,即 LHRH 释放量由27.3±2.5pg/100ul 增加至150.4±27.9pg/100μl;NA 释放量由50.9±4.2pg/100μl 增加至105.5±19.1pg/100ul,两者与对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.01)。GABA 这些作用可被受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱(Bicuculline)所翻转。当荷包牡丹碱和 GABA(10~(-6)mol/L)同时存在于 ME 的培灌液中,LHRH 的分泌量下降为18.2±1.9pg/100μl,而 NA 分泌量下降为43.9±3.4pg/100μl。在内源性 NA 被利血平耗竭时,LHRH 的释放量仅增加26.5%,而 GABA 能使正常大鼠 LHRH 释放量增加451.9%。本研究提示:GABA 可促进下丘脑 ME 释放 LHRH,这一作用可能通过 NA 中介。     

反复电针对慢性痛的累加治疗作用及其机制研究

本研究从基础和临床两方面观察了反复电针对慢性痛的累加治疗作用,并结合疼痛患者及慢性痛动物模型中几种神经肽的放射免疫测定及相应受体拮抗剂的药理学研究结果,探讨了产生累加效应的可能机制。结果表明,在临床脊髓损伤性痉挛患者,１００Ｈｚ穴位体表电刺激有效地缓解痉挛并有累加效应;在临床慢性痛患者,２／１５Ｈｚ变频ＴＥＮＳ刺激有效地治疗疼痛并具有累加效应。在关节炎模型大鼠,电针刺激能产生明显的镇痛并具有累加效