A new species of Galearis (Orchidinae: Orchidaceae) from Sichuan,China

A new species, Galearis huanglongensis Q.W.Meng & Y.B.Luo, is described and illustrated. It is similar to Galearis cyclochila (Franch. & Sav.) Soó and Galearis diantha (Schltr.) P.F.Hunt, but differs in having a short spur, two elliptical lateral stigma lobes and distinctly separated bursicles. This new species is known only from the type locality, the Huanglong Valley, Songpan County, western Sichuan, China, growing amongst mosses under alpine shrubs at an elevation of about 3000 m. Based on two years of observations of its population size, the species was categorized as critically endangered CR (B1a, B2a) according to the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1. The micromorphology of pollinia and seeds was observed by scanning electron microscopy and compared with that of G. cyclochila and G. diantha. The results supported G. huanglongensis Q.W.Meng & Y.B.Luo as a new species. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 689–695.     

岩羊小肠毛圆线虫一新种（小杆目,圆线亚目：毛圆科）

本文报道了岩羊小肠的祁连毛圆线虫,新种Trichostrongylus qilianensis sp. nov., 其形态与已发表的39种毛圆线虫均有明显区别。     

反复电针对慢性痛的累加治疗作用及其机制研究

本研究从基础和临床两方面观察了反复电针对慢性痛的累加治疗作用,并结合疼痛患者及慢性痛动物模型中几种神经肽的放射免疫测定及相应受体拮抗剂的药理学研究结果,探讨了产生累加效应的可能机制。结果表明,在临床脊髓损伤性痉挛患者,１００Ｈｚ穴位体表电刺激有效地缓解痉挛并有累加效应;在临床慢性痛患者,２／１５Ｈｚ变频ＴＥＮＳ刺激有效地治疗疼痛并具有累加效应。在关节炎模型大鼠,电针刺激能产生明显的镇痛并具有累加效     

甜菜碱醛脱氢酶在菠菜叶细胞中的定位

将菠菜叶片匀浆后．用差速离心和梯度率心分离叶绿体、过氧物酶体、微粒体等细胞器和１０００００×ｇ上清法部分。用酶活测定法测定各部分甜菜碱醛脱氢酶（ＢＡＤＨ）的活性;用免疫扩散法鉴定各组分的ＢＡＤＨ。除叶绿体外,过氧物酶体、微粒体．以及１０００００×ｇ上清液中也存在ＢＡＤＨ。     

Predicting responses of photosynthesis and root fraction to elevated [CO2]a: interactions among carbon,nitrogen, and growth*

At elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations ([CO₂]_a), photosynthetic capacity (A_max) and root fraction (η_R, the ratio of root to plant dry mass) increased in some studies and decreased in others. Here, we have explored possible causes of this, focusing on the relative magnitudes of the effects of elevated [CO₂]_a on specific leaf (n_m) and plant (n_p) nitrogen concentrations, leaf mass per unit area (h), and plant nitrogen productivity (α). In our survey of 39 studies with 35 species, we found that elevated [CO₂]_a led to decreased n_m and n_p in all the studies and to increased h and α in most of the studies. The magnitudes of these changes varied with species and with experimental conditions. Based on a model that integrated [CO₂]_a-induced changes in leaf nitrogen into a biochemically based model of leaf photosynthesis, we predicted that, to a first approximation, photosynthesis will be upregulated (A_max will increase) when growth at increased [CO₂]_a leads to increases in h that are larger than decreases in n_m. Photosynthesis will be downregulated (A_max will decrease) when increases in h are smaller than decreases in n_m. The model suggests that photosynthetic capacity increases at elevated [CO₂]_a only when additional leaf mesophyll more than compensates the effects of nitrogen dilution. We considered two kinds of regulatory paradigms that could lead to varying responses of η_R to elevated [CO₂]_a, and compared the predictions of each with the data. A simple static model based on the functional balance concept predicts that η_R should increase when neither n_p nor h is very responsive to elevated [CO₂]_a. The quantitative and qualitative agreement of the predictions with data from the literature, however, is poor. A model that predicts η_R from the relative sensitivities of photosynthesis and relative growth rate to elevated [CO₂]_a corresponds much more closely to the observations. In general, root fraction increases if the response of photosynthesis to [CO₂]_a is greater than that of relative growth rate.     

乙烯诱导下草莓果实采后RNA代谢与蛋白质合成活性的变化

草莓草果实在乳白时期采收（开花后约４０ｄ）,分别用１０μｌ／Ｌ,５０μｌ／Ｌ和１００μｌ／Ｌ的外源乙烯进行处理。处理后的果实大分子ＲＮＡ和ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）＋ＲＮＡ水平以及ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）＋ＲＮＡ与总ＲＮＡ的比例均有增高。果实体内ＲＮＡ酶活性和体外蛋白质的合成水平也升高。乙烯很可能是促进草莓果实成熟衰老的因素之一。     

Coordinated mRNA and Protein Expression of Human LAMP-1 in Induction of Melanogenesis After UV-B Exposure and Co-Transfection of Human Tyrosinase and TRP-1 cDNAs

In order to better understand the cascade of melanogenic events in melanocytes, this report has introduced our two recent approaches for the expression of melanogenesis/or melanosome-associated genes and encoded proteins in melanocytes (melanoma cells) after repeated exposure to UV -B and after cotransfection of two human genes, i.e., tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1). Repeated exposure of UV B (2.5–5.0 mJ/cm²) caused not only upregulation of tyrosinase and TRP-1 genes but also coordinated increase in the gene and protein synthesis expression of Lamp-1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein-1). When COS-7 kidney cells and amelanotic melanoma (C32 and SKMEL-24) and melanotic melanoma (G361 and SK-MEL-23) cells were exposed to cotransfection of human tyrosinase and TRP-1 cDNAs, there was also an increased expression of Lamp-1 mRNA and protein along with tyrosinase activation and new melanin synthesis. Importantly, single transfectants of human tyrosinase cDNA revealed marked cellular degeneration, whereas this degeneration was not seen in single transfectants of TRP-1 cDNA or cotransfectants of human tyrosinase and TRP-1 cDNAs, indicating that TRP-1 prevented, along with Lamp-1, programmed death of melanocytes after transfection of tyrosinase gene. The coordinated expression of TRP-1 and Lamp-1 was further confirmed by antisense oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization experiment against Lamp-1 gene, showing the decreased expression of TRP-1 as identified by three different types of anti-TRP-1 monoclonal antibodies. We propose therefore that human tyrosinase and TRP-l, when activated or expressed together, will coordinate to upregulate the mRNA expression and protein synthesis of Lamp-1. The Lamp-1 molecules will, in turn, cover the inner surface of melanosomal membrane, together with TRP-1 molecules, thus protecting the melanosomal membrane from toxic melanin intermediates generated during melanogenesis in the presence of active tyrosinase. In contrast, the expression of other lysosome-related proteins, e.g., β-galactosidase and CD63 is not stimulated in new melanogenesis.     

温度对草地螟成虫产卵和寿命的影响

在16℃、19℃、22℃、25℃.28℃,31℃和34℃的范围内, 草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis L.)成虫的产卵前期与温度的关系呈逻辑靳谛曲线,产卵雌蛾数、产卵历期和产卵量均以22℃为最高。初步确定19-25℃为草地螟蛾产卵的适温范围,22℃为最适产卵温度,16℃和34℃分别为产卵温度的下限和上限。成虫寿命与温度的关系为负相关(r=-0.91,P<0.01)。表明在试验温度范围内,温度越高,成虫寿命越短。但温度对雌雄成虫寿命的影响不一致,在28℃以下的温度内,雄蛾寿命比雌蛾长;在31-34℃的范围内,雄蛾寿命比雌蛾短。根据以上研究结果,对我国草地螟发生为害区的种群动态规律进行了讨论。     

枯草芽孢杆菌聚谷氨酸合成途径相关基因功能研究

聚谷氨酸(polyglutamic acid, PGA)作为一种天然多功能的聚合物,近年来成为研究的热点。由于很难通过化学方法合成,微生物发酵是目前生产聚谷氨酸的有效途径。【目的】从基因水平探究枯草芽孢杆菌聚谷氨酸合成途径中degS、degQ、degU、swrA、rocA、putM基因的功能,通过分子改造实现对代谢途径的调控。【方法】以枯草芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,通过对代谢途径中相关基因进行敲除或过表达,分别构建degS、degQ和degU基因缺失的重组菌,swrA、rocA和putM基因过表达的重组菌,借助菌株胞外聚谷氨酸积累的变化分析影响途径的关键节点。【结果】在摇瓶发酵条件下,重组菌Bacillus subtilis 168-swrA、Bacillus subtilis 168-rocA、Bacillus subtilis 168-putM的胞外聚谷氨酸含量分别是原始菌株的1.28倍、1.47倍和1.37倍。重组菌Bacillus subtilis 168-ΔdegS、Bacillus subtilis 168-ΔdegQ、Bacillus subtilis 168-ΔdegU的胞外...