The Invasive Wetland Plant Alternanthera philoxeroides Shows a Higher Tolerance to Waterlogging than Its Native Congener Alternanthera sessilis

Plant invasion is one of the major threats to natural ecosystems. Phenotypic plasticity is considered to be important for promoting plant invasiveness. High tolerance of stress can also increase survival of invasive plants in adverse habitats. Limited growth and conservation of carbohydrate are considered to increase tolerance of flooding in plants. However, few studies have examined whether invasive species shows a higher phenotypic plasticity in response to waterlogging or a higher tolerance of waterlogging (lower plasticity) than native species. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to compare the growth and morphological and physiological responses to waterlogging of the invasive, clonal, wetland species Alternanthera philoxeroides with those of its co-occurring, native, congeneric, clonal species Alternanthera sessilis. Plants of A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis were subjected to three treatments (control, 0 and 60 cm waterlogging). Both A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis survived all treatments. Overall growth was lower in A. philoxeroides than in A. sessilis, but waterlogging negatively affected the growth of A. philoxeroides less strongly than that of A. sessilis. Alternanthera philoxeroides thus showed less sensitivity of growth traits (lower plasticity) and higher waterlogging tolerance. Moreover, the photosynthetic capacity of A. philoxeroides was higher than that of A. sessilis during waterlogging. Alternanthera philoxeroides also had higher total non-structural and non-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than A. sessilis at the end of treatments. Our results suggest that higher tolerance to waterlogging and higher photosynthetic capacity may partly explain the invasion success of A. philoxeroides in wetlands.     

Phylogeny and biogeography of Chinese and Australasian Polystichum ferns as inferred from chloroplast trnL-F and rps4-trnS sequence data

Polystichum, one of the largest genera of ferns, occurs worldwide with the greatest diversity in southwest China and adjacent regions. Although there have been studies of Chinese Polystichum on its traditional classification, geographic distributions, and even a few on its molecular systematics, its relationships to other species outside China remain little known. Here, we investigated the phylogeny and biogeography of the Polystichum species from China and Australasia. The evolutionary relationships among 42 Polystichum species found in China (29 taxa) and Australasia (13 taxa) were inferred from phylogenetic analyses of two chloroplast DNA sequence data sets: rps4-trnS and trnL-F intergenic spacers. The divergence time between Chinese and Australasian Polystichum was estimated. The results indicated that the Australasian species comprise a monophyletic group that is nested within the Chinese diversity, and that the New Zealand species are likewise a monophyletic group nested within the Australasian species. The divergence time estimates suggested that Chinese Polystichum migrated into Australasia from around 40 Ma ago, and from there to New Zealand from about 14 Ma. The diversification of the New Zealand Polystichum species began about 10 Ma. These results indicated that Polystichum probably originated in eastern Asia and migrated into Australasia: first into Australia and then into New Zealand.     

土壤重金属向节肢动物的传递及影响

土壤中重金属可通过食物链传递至节肢动物,并在其体内累积。文章介绍影响重金属传递和积累的主要因子,及重金属对植食性、捕食性、寄生性、腐食性节肢动物种群及群落的影响情况。建议对影响传递与累积的机制开展深入研究,并重点从节肢动物群落生态学、行为学、生理学等角度开展更多工作。     

甲钴胺联合高能激光治疗带状疱疹疗效观察及护理体会

目的:探讨甲钴胺联合高能激光治疗带状疱疹疗效及护理方法。方法:自2008年1月至2010年3月入院的81例带状疱疹患者分为两组,治疗组予甲钴胺、单磷酸阿糖腺苷和高能激光联合治疗并配合精心护理,对照组仅予单磷酸阿糖腺苷治疗,两组均在治疗第10天时观察症状及体征的变化。患者出院后随访半年。结果:治疗组与对照组有效率分别为90.2%和56.4%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组与对照组的止疱时间(1.4±1.1天vs2.6±1.3天)、结痂时间(5.4±1.4天vs8.1±1.5天)和止痛时间(3.0±1.6天vs 5.8±3.3天),以及治疗后两组患者直观模拟尺评分结果(2.95±1.45 vs 3.97±1.85)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访半年结果治疗组出现后遗神经痛较对照组少(P<0.05)。结论:甲钴胺联合高能激光治疗带状疱疹并配合精心护理有利于取得良好的临床治疗效果。     

Serine and threonine phosphorylation of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein by protein kinase Calpha regulates endocytosis and association with adaptor molecules

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is a large receptor that participates in endocytosis, signaling pathways, and phagocytosis of necrotic cells. Mechanisms that direct LRP to function in these distinct pathways likely involve its association with distinct cytoplasmic adaptor proteins. We tested the hypothesis that the association of various adaptor proteins with the LRP cytoplasmic domain is modulated by its phosphorylation state. Phosphoamino acid analysis of metabolically labeled LRP revealed that this receptor is phosphorylated at serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues within its cytoplasmic domain, whereas inhibitor studies identified protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) as a kinase capable of phosphorylating LRP. Mutational analysis identified critical threonine and serine residues within the LRP cytoplasmic domain that are necessary for phosphorylation mediated by PKCalpha. Mutating these threonine and serine residues to alanines generated a receptor that was not phosphorylated and that was internalized more rapidly than wild-type LRP, revealing that phosphorylation reduces the association of LRP with adaptor molecules of the endocytic machinery. In contrast, serine and threonine phosphorylation was necessary for the interaction of LRP with Shc, an adaptor protein that participates in signaling events. Furthermore, serine and threonine phosphorylation increased the interaction of LRP with other adaptor proteins such as Dab-1 and CED-6/GULP. These results indicate that phosphorylation of LRP by PKCalpha modulates the endocytic and signaling function of LRP by modifying its association with adaptor proteins.     

长时间盐胁迫对苋菜叶片细胞结构的影响

生长40d的苋菜秧苗用300mmol·L-1的NaCl处理28 d后,生长受抑,叶面积变小,叶绿素含量降低;叶肉增厚、微管束变小,细胞内容物减少、叶绿体收缩、液泡扩大,细胞核染色程度变浅,形状拉长;细胞内淀粉含量增加.     

Jasmonate induces biosynthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in apple by mediating the JAZ1–TRB1–MYB9 complex

Jasmonate (JA) induces the biosynthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin. MdMYB9 is essential for modulating the accumulation of both anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in apple, but the molecular mechanism for induction of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by JA is unclear. In this study, we discovered an apple telomere-binding protein (MdTRB1) to be the interacting protein of MdMYB9. A series of biological assays showed that MdTRB1 acted as a positive modulator of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation, and is dependent on MdMYB9. MdTRB1 interacted with MdMYB9 and enhanced the activation activity of MdMYB9 to its downstream genes. In addition, we found that the JA signaling repressor MdJAZ1 interacted with MdTRB1 and interfered with the interaction between MdTRB1 and MdMYB9, therefore negatively modulating MdTRB1-promoted biosynthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin. These results show that the JAZ1–TRB1–MYB9 module dynamically modulates JA-mediated accumulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin. Taken together, our data further expand the functional study of TRB1 and provide insights for further studies of the modulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by JA.     

盐度对大菱鲆幼鱼鳃Na -K -ATPase活力、血清离子浓度 和激素水平的影响

采用饲养试验方法,研究了平均体质量为(7.16±0.07)g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼分别在盐度12、18、24、30和36下饲养60 d后,其鳃Na+-K+-ATPase活力、血清离子浓度、生长激素(GH)、皮质醇激素(COR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FCE)的变化。结果表明:幼鱼鳃Na+-K+-ATPase活力、血清Na+浓度均随盐度的升高而上升,分别在3.48~8.30 U/mg和169.99~180.00 mmol/L之间,其中12盐度组最低,36盐度组最高。幼鱼血清中K+和Cl-浓度分别在2.20~3.47 mmol/L和136.67~142.00 mmol/L之间,各盐度组之间差异不显著。幼鱼血清中GH和COR浓度分别在0.41~1.66 ng/ml和35.33~76.41 ng/ml之间;其中GH在36盐度组最高,12盐度组最低,而COR在12盐度组最高,36盐度组最低。幼鱼SGR和FCE分别在(1.45~2.00)%/d和1.12%~1.38%之间,与盐度的相关性不显著,两者均为12盐度组最低。由此可见,盐度变化显著影响大菱鲆幼鱼鳃Na+-K+-ATPase活力、血清Na+浓度和激素含量。本研究对大菱鲆养殖生理生态条件分析具有重要参考意义,研究结果可为大菱鲆养殖的盐度选择提供理论依据。     

小兴安岭北部原始阔叶红松林红松结实气候敏感性及其种子年机制探讨

选取林分较为稳定的原始阔叶红松林作为研究地点,分析近16年的红松结实动态,研究红松（Pinus koraiensis）结实的气候敏感性及其种子年机制。首先按资源限制理论分析了红松结实的资源限制性,再根据资源匹配（气候假说）理论和Nicholls关于产量研究的建议将红松种子产量分解为趋势产量和气候产量,利用红松气候产量与前3年的气象数据进行气候影响分析,并且结合前期的物候观测,找出了红松结实的气候敏感阶段及其敏感的气象指标。结果显示：（1）红松当年种子产量与去年和前年产量和呈显著负相关,二者呈指数关系,表明了红松结实中资源限制机制的存在。并且资源限制可能是球果成熟对同年其它生殖发育的单向自我营养限制关系。（2）去年与前年6月平均气温的差值（ΔT₆）对当年红松种子产量具有很好的预测性。（3）花原基形成期是红松结实最为关键的气候敏感期,红松气候产量与此阶段气温和日照呈极显著负相关,与降水呈极显著正相关。（4）部分年份异常高温已经超出了花原基形成的最适温度范围,导致了红松产量的下降。（5）红松结实在生殖发育期内不同阶段都对气候变化表现敏感,红松种子年现象受到了资源限制机制和资源匹配机制的共同作用。本研究结果预示了温度升高,尤其是在气温升高过快的地区,红松结实对气候变暖具有一定的脆弱性并可能成为未来红松天然更新的重要瓶颈。