The clinical development of a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, finasteride.

Finasteride, a 4-aza steroid compound, is an orally active inhibitor of the 5 alpha-reductase enzyme. 5 alpha-Reductase is necessary for the metabolism of testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and is found in high levels only in certain tissues such as the prostate. Finasteride has been shown to markedly suppress serum DHT levels in man without lowering testosterone levels. In patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), finasteride was found to decrease prostate volume by a mean of 28% over a period of 6 months, without causing clinically significant adverse effects. DHT appears to be the primary androgen for prostatic growth. Selective inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase by finasteride may provide a novel approach to BPH therapy by reducing prostate size without affecting T-dependent processes such as fertility, muscle strength, and libido. The clinical development of finasteride for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia is reviewed.     

我国微茎类吸虫的研究Ⅻ.类茎属及多黄属二新种报道：复殖目：微茎科

本文报道在湛江市附近海域海鸟体内获得的两种吸虫,经鉴定为新种,命名为巨口类茎吸虫,新种Ｍｉｃｒｏｐｈａｌｌｏｉｄｅｓ ｍａｃｒｏｓｔｏｎｒｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,珊瑚多黄吸虫,新种Ｍｕｌｔｉｖｉｔｅｌｌｕｓ ｃｏｒａｌｉｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．     

Steady-state kinetics of the overall oxidative phosphorylation reaction in heart mitochondria. Determination of the coupling relationships between the respiratory reactions and miscellaneous observations concerning rate-limiting steps

The linear sequence of steps involved in the oxidation of extramitochondrial succinate by O₂ in bovine heart mitochondria was examined by a steady-state kinetic method to determine whether or not freely diffusible intermediates occur between the various inhibitor-sensitive steps. The kinetic method is based on the facts (1) that if two inhibitor-sensitive steps within a sequence are linked by a freely diffusible intermediate, inhibition of one will make the other less rate limiting in the overall reaction and thus will increase the amount of inhibitor of the other step required for half-maximal inhibition of the overall reaction, and (2) that if the two steps are not linked in this manner, inhibition of one will make the other more rate limiting and thus will decrease the amount of inhibitor of the other required for half-maximal inhibition. These two types of coupling relationships between steps were designated as sequential and fixed, respectively. The results indicate the existence of freely diffusible intermediates (sequential coupling relationships) between the succinate transport and succinate dehydrogenase reactions, between the succinate dehydrogenase and cytochromebc ₁ reactions, and between the cytochromesbc ₁ andaa ₃ reactions. Uncoupling respiration from phosphorylation results in the coupling relationship between thebc ₁ andaa ₃ reactions becoming partially fixed. This change is accompanied by marked decreases in the degrees to which thebc ₁ andaa ₃ reactions limit the overall reaction and appears to account for the large uncoupler-induced releases of inhibition at the levels of thebc ₁ andaa ₃ reactions observed previously by others. It is suggested that cytochromec is the freely diffusible intermediate between thebc ₁ andaa ₃ reactions and that the uncoupler-induced changes occur as a result of formation of functional and highly efficient supercomplexes between cytochromec and the cytochromesbc ₁ andaa ₃ complexes.     

Miniature Ag−AgCl electrode for voltage clamping of theAmbystoma collecting duct

Summary We have developed a miniature silver-silver chloride electrode. The outer diameter of the electrodes averaged 22 m and the input resistance 8.8 k. Since the core of the electrode is a glass fiber, the problem of the extreme malleability of a small diameter silver fiber is circumvented. The properties of the electrode permit us to insert it into short (600 m) fragments of the amphibian collecting duct while they are being perfusedin vitro. The passage of currents in the range of 0 to 6×10^–8 amperes allowed us to voltage clamp the nephron fragment between +20 and –20 mV. The current-voltage plots are linear over this range. Two lines of evidence suggest that the voltage clamp is homogeneous. First, the voltage measured at the perfusion end during a voltage-clamp experiment of the tubule is not significantly different from that measured at the collecting end. Secondly, the specific resistance of collecting ducts estimated from the core conductor analysis is 3.3±0.8×10⁴ cm, a value not significantly different from that computed from the current-voltage plots as determined with the Ag–AgCl electrode, 3.0±0.5×10⁴ cm. This method permits precise control of both the ionic and electrical gradients across fragments of the amphibian collecting duct.     

以化学纯饲料饲养北京的桃蚜

应用修改后的Dadd和Mitter(1966)全纯饲料配方配制成人工饲料饲养定居在北京温室烟草上的桃蚜 Myzus persicae可完成生活史井连续饲养3代。本文描述饲料配制、饲养和取食量测定的方法。这3代初羽化无翅孤雌胎生雌蚜的平均体重分别为:440±90.7μg,264±104.9μg和312±127.9μg。用放射性同位素稀释法测定取食量的结果得悉若虫期的总取食量每蚜约为1.74μg,相当于1.16μl。     

The effects of diet, lipolysis and limb ischaemia on the distribution of plasma tryptophan in the rat.

A non-linear relationship between the plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration and the percentage of free plasma tryptophan was found in rats in different nutritional states, although non-esterified fatty acids are not the only factors determining the percentage of free tryptophan. This relationship was not seen in rats injured by limb ischaemia. The effect of drugs causing rapid increases in the plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration was also studied. Isoprenaline decreased the total plasma tryptophan concentration. Dichloroisoprenaline caused a sustained increase in the plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration which was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of free plasma tryptophan and followed by a fall in the concentration of total tryptophan. The loss of tryptophan from the plasma was attributed to an altered distribution of tryptophan in the extracellular space rather than to increased metabolism. This interpretation was supported by determinations of the irreversible disposal rate of plasma tryptophan which in uninjured rats was unaffected by the concentration of free plasma tryptophan. In the injured rats this rate was unaltered during limb ischaemia but was decreased after removal of the tourniquets; increased competition for tissue entry by other neutral amino acids and the fall in body temperature could be factors in this fall.     

三峡库区多年高水位运行对消落带狗牙根生长恢复的影响

为深入了解三峡库区多年高水位运行对消落带优势植物生长恢复的影响,分别于2008年和2017年定量调研了库区长寿段消落带狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)种群的变化,探讨了库区高水位运行对消落带狗牙根萌发、生长和物质分配的影响。结果表明,多年的高水位运行导致不定芽形成和萌发显著被促进,形成更多的分株;高水位运行导致狗牙根分株的株高、茎宽和叶片数被显著抑制,而叶长和种群的总叶片数被显著促进,且随着消落带水位的降低叶长呈降低趋势,而叶宽和总叶片数呈增加趋势;高水位运行导致狗牙根种群匍匐茎和地下茎的茎长、茎节数和总茎长均被显著促进,且随着消落带水位降低匍匐茎茎长和茎节数呈显著的降低趋势,而地下茎茎长和茎节数呈增加趋势;高水位运行导致狗牙根地下茎储存的干质量呈增加趋势,而分株和匍匐茎的干质量呈降低趋势,而且在种群物质分配中地下茎所占的比例呈增大趋势,低水位狗牙根种群的分株和高水位种群的匍匐茎所占的比例也呈增加趋势。因此,狗牙根不仅具有很强的耐淹和生长恢复能力,也具有很强的拓殖能力,可以作为库区中低位消落带恢复和重建的主要原生物种。     

佛山城市典型森林群落土壤重金属分布、流通及枯落物富集特征

富集重金属的枯落物分解可能提高重金属暴露率,增加人体接触健康风险。为了解南方城市土壤重金属在森林生态系统中的分布及流转情况,通过调查研究了佛山市8个典型森林群落土壤及枯落物重金属含量,分析了各森林群落枯落物对不同重金属的富集效应及重金属随枯落物回归土壤流通量。结果表明:1)城市森林各土壤重金属含量在不同典型群落间差异显著(P<0.05),差异最大为Pb、Cr、Zn,As、Cu、Ni次之,Hg、Cd最小;土层深度(0—20,20—40,40—60 cm)对重金属含量影响显著(P<0.05),差异最大为Cd、Hg,其次为As、Cu,最小为Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr。整体上,Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Zn在0—20 cm最高,表层富集特征明显,Cr和Ni在40—60 cm最高。2)8个森林群落中阴香—白楸—醉香含笑群落(CMMC)枯落物对8种重金属的综合富集系数(TBCF,66.76)最高,其中以Cd的富集效果最突出,富集系数为44.45,且对Pb、Cu、Zn也相对富集;最低的为黧蒴锥—香椿—樟树群落(CTCC),综合富集系数(TBCF)为8.09,仅对Cd、Cr、Cu相对富集,对其余...     

中华鳖对T3菌苗抗原的免疫应答

通过T3菌苗免疫中华鳖后的血清间接凝集抗体效价 (IAT)与免疫保护率 (PRP)的变化探讨了中华鳖的免疫应答规律。中华鳖对T3菌苗能产生较强的应答反应 ,免疫的二龄鳖PRP可达 82 6± 15 2 (19) % ,IAT达 1978 1± 716 4(19)。它对T3菌苗的免疫效应期为 3天 ,第 2 0天时免疫应答处于高峰 ,IAT与PRP分别为 176 8 0± 44 7 6 (4)与 91 7± 14 4(4) % ,持续 10天左右开始下降 ,到第 3个月左右基本上回复到免疫开始时水平。结论为 :中华鳖的免疫应答反应基本介于鱼类与鸟类之间 ,但较偏向于鸟类。