Xylose isomerase overexpression along with engineering of the pentose phosphate pathway and evolutionary engineering enable rapid xylose utilization and ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Xylose is the main pentose and second most abundant sugar in lignocellulosic feedstocks. To improve xylose utilization, necessary for the cost-effective bioconversion of lignocellulose, several metabolic engineering approaches have been employed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we describe the rational metabolic engineering of a S. cerevisiae strain, including overexpression of the Piromyces xylose isomerase gene (XYLA), Pichia stipitis xylulose kinase (XYL3) and genes of the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). This engineered strain (H131-A3) was used to initialize a three-stage process of evolutionary engineering, through first aerobic and anaerobic sequential batch cultivation followed by growth in a xylose-limited chemostat. The evolved strain H131-A3-AL^CS displayed significantly increased anaerobic growth rate (0.203±0.006 h^?1) and xylose consumption rate (1.866 g g^?1 h^?1) along with high ethanol conversion yield (0.41 g/g). These figures exceed by a significant margin any other performance metrics on xylose utilization and ethanol production by S. cerevisiae reported to-date. Further inverse metabolic engineering based on functional complementation suggested that efficient xylose assimilation is attributed, in part, to the elevated expression level of xylose isomerase, which was accomplished through the multiple-copy integration of XYLA in the chromosome of the evolved strain.     

河南省冬小麦需水量的时空变化及影响因素

基于河南省17个气象监测站点1961-2012年逐旬气象数据,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物需水量,结合“全国灌溉试验资料数据库”中冬小麦生育期、作物系数等数据计算冬小麦生育期需水量,利用时间序列分析法和灰色关联分析法,分析河南省冬小麦需水量近51年来的时空分布特征、变化规律及其主要影响因素.结果表明: 1961-2011年,河南省冬小麦平均需水量在345~492 mm,卢氏站冬小麦平均需水量最低,孟津站最高.大部分站点1980-1989年冬小麦平均需水量最低,1961-1969年冬小麦平均需水量最高.17个站点中,新乡、栾川、开封、西峡、南阳、信阳、固始7站冬小麦需水量随年份呈上升趋势,其余10个站点需水量均呈下降趋势;豫北需水量高于豫南,豫西地区需水量跨度较大.河南省17站冬小麦生育期日平均高温、日平均低温均随年份呈上升趋势,生育期日平均风速、日平均相对湿度、日照时数基本呈下降趋势.河南省冬小麦生育期日平均高温、日照时数是影响冬小麦需水量的主要因素,日平均相对湿度对其影响最小.     

三七皂苷R1对大鼠缺血心肌VEGF、bFGF的影响

目的:探讨三七皂苷R1对大鼠缺血心肌VEGF、bFGF的影响。方法:选择雄性Wistar大鼠39只,建立心肌梗死(AMI)模型,术后24h存活大鼠随机分为药物组(n=13)、对照组(n=13),另设假手术组(n=8)。药物组给予三七皂苷R1水溶液(2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)腹腔注射、对照组及假手术组给予等体积生理盐水腹腔注射,用药4周。于实验终点处死大鼠,心肌组织取材,Ⅷ因子染色计数微血管数(MVC)及微血管密度(MVD),免疫组织化学法观察缺血心肌VEGF、bFGF蛋白的表达。结果:药物组及对照组MVC、MVD均高于假手术组,且药物组高于对照组(P0.05);大鼠缺血心肌药物组及对照组VEGF、bFGF蛋白表达均高于假手术组(P0.05),且药物组高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:三七皂苷R1促进大鼠缺血心肌血管再生同时可上调缺血心肌VEGF、bFGF蛋白水平。     

温室滴灌条件下土壤水分亏缺对番茄产量及其形成过程的影响

采用小区试验,在温室滴灌条件下研究了不同生育阶段土壤水分状况对番茄果实大小、坐果数、畸形果及产量形成过程的影响,分析了温室滴灌条件下番茄总产量与灌水量的关系.结果表明：番茄苗期适度水分亏缺（田间持水量的50%～55%）可提高坐果率,畸形果形成减少,但果实总体偏小,果实成熟主要集中在采摘后期;开花坐果期过度水分亏缺（田间持水量的65%以下）虽可促进果实成熟,但降低了坐果数,易形成小果和畸形果;采摘期水分过高（田间持水量的80%以上）或过低（田间持水量的65%以下）均可降低番茄产量,水分亏缺（田间持水量的65%以下）则使坐果数降低、畸形果增加.各水分处理对果实成熟时间无明显影响;温室番茄总产量、灌溉水利用效率与全生育期灌水总量之间均呈二次抛物线关系;当番茄土壤水分（占田间持水量的百分比）下限控制在苗期60%～65%、开花坐果期70%～75%、成熟采摘期70%～75%时,番茄畸形果形成量减少,产量及坐果率较高,可作为滴灌条件下温室番茄适宜的土壤水分控制指标.     

Complete genome sequence of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum strain Po82

Ralstonia solanacearum strain Po82, a phylotype IIB/sequevar 4 strain, was found to be pathogenic to both solanaceous plants and banana. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Po82 and its comparison with seven published R. solanacearum genomes.     

间作模式下冬小麦与春玉米根系的时空分布规律

采用大口径土钻对间作种植模式下冬小麦与春玉米根系进行取样,分析了两种作物根系的空间分布及动态变化规律．结果表明：间作冬小麦根系在空间上呈幂函数递减规律,间作春玉米根系呈指数递减规律．采用多元线性回归建立间作冬小麦和春玉米根系质量密度（R）的二维空间分布函数,经验证,两种作物根系质量密度的二维分布函数均可反映作物根系的实际生长状况．     

基于20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量制定的华北地区温室黄瓜滴灌灌水制度

试验分别于2013和2014年在中国农业科学院新乡综合试验基地进行,以20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量（E_p -20）为灌水依据,设置5种水面蒸发系数（K_cp1:0.25;K_cp2:0.5;K_cp3:0.75;K_cp4:1.0;K_cp5:1.25）代表5种灌水水平,分析了不同水量（I_r）对温室黄瓜滴灌耗水量（ET）、产量、品质以及水分利用效率（WUE）的影响,探讨了以E_p -20制定温室滴灌灌水计划的可行性.结果表明：温室滴灌黄瓜整个生育期内的耗水量在129~314 mm,耗水量随着灌水量的增加而增加.当灌水量超过0.75E_p 20时,各处理之间的产量无差异,平均单果质量、单株瓜条数和平均瓜长对灌水量的响应均存在一个阈值（0.75E_p 20）;品质方面,可溶性固形物、维生素C和可溶性糖含量均随着灌水量的增加而降低,而可溶性蛋白质含量为：K_cp2＞K_cp3＞K_cp4＞K_cp1＞K_cp5;采用修正后的Penman Monteith公式计算温室滴灌黄瓜参考蒸发蒸腾量所得结果与E_p -20呈极显著线性相关关系.可见,在华北地区日光温室黄瓜的滴灌灌水制度选用0.75倍的20 cm蒸发皿水面蒸发量作为灌水依据简单可行.     

复杂易位遗传效应的探讨——附-例罕见复杂易位核型

本文报道一例罕见复杂易位核型:46,XX,t(1;14;10).并结合以往资料,探讨和分析复杂易位和一般平衡易位对表型及生育的遗传效应.结果显示,一般易位导致智能低下和多发畸形的频率各为3.57%;复杂易位所致智能低下频率为21.73%,多发畸形的频率为17.39%.提示复杂易位所致智能低下和畸形频率明显高于一般易位。 Abstract:In this paper,we report a rare karyotype of complex translocation:46,XX,t(1;14;10).Based on sufficient published data,we discussed and analyzed the genetic effect of complex translocation and general balanced translocation on phenotype and fertilization.The results show that general balanced translocation caused 3.57% low intelligence and multi-deformation while complex translocation caused 21.73% low intelligence and 17.39% multi-deformation respectively.These results sugget that there is a higher incedence of low intelligence and multi-deformation caused by complex translocation than that caused by general balanced translocation.