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排序方式: 共有199条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
In continuously stirred tank reactor experiments, with manure as substrate at thermophilic temperatures, the use of volatile fatty acids (VFA) as process indicators was investigated. Changes in VFA level were shown to be a good parameter for indicating process instability. The VFA were evaluated according to their relative changes caused by changes in hydraulic loading, organic loading or temperature. Butyrate and isobutyrate together were found to be particularly good indicators. Butyrate and isobutyrate concentrations increased significantly 1 or 2 days after the imposed perturbation, which makes these acids suitable for process monitoring and important for process control of the anaerobic biological system. In addition it was shown in a batch experiment that VFA at concentrations up to 50 mM did not reduce the overall methane production rate. This showed that VFA accumulation in anaerobic reactors was the result of process imbalance, not the cause of inhibition, thus justifying the use of VFA as process indicators. 相似文献
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Irini Papanicolopulu 《Ocean Development & International Law》2013,44(4):381-398
This article points out some of the issues that may arise during the delimitation of maritime boundary in a sea area where coastal states have proclaimed various maritime zones. Issues considered include delimitation in the presence of overlapping or coincident zones, the role of existing boundaries, use of all-purpose maritime boundaries, and the delimitation of future zones. Special reference is made to the Mediterranean Sea where coastal states have advanced various claims consisting of zones sometimes different from the ones provided for in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 相似文献
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Hung-Chun Yu Jennifer L. Sloan Gunter Scharer Alison Brebner Anita M. Quintana Nathan P. Achilly Irini Manoli Curtis R. Coughlin II Elizabeth A. Geiger Una Schneck David Watkins Terttu Suormala Johan L.K. Van Hove Brian Fowler Matthias R. Baumgartner David S. Rosenblatt Charles P. Venditti Tamim H. Shaikh 《American journal of human genetics》2013
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Cutting edge: L-selectin (CD62L) expression distinguishes small resting memory CD4+ T cells that preferentially respond to recall antigen 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Hengel RL Thaker V Pavlick MV Metcalf JA Dennis G Yang J Lempicki RA Sereti I Lane HC 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2003,170(1):28-32
Naive CD4+ T cells use L-selectin (CD62L) expression to facilitate immune surveillance. However, the reasons for its expression on a subset of memory CD4+ T cells are unknown. We show that memory CD4+ T cells expressing CD62L were smaller, proliferated well in response to tetanus toxoid, had longer telomeres, and expressed genes and proteins consistent with immune surveillance function. Conversely, memory CD4+ T cells lacking CD62L expression were larger, proliferated poorly in response to tetanus toxoid, had shorter telomeres, and expressed genes and proteins consistent with effector function. These findings suggest that CD62L expression facilitates immune surveillance by programming CD4+ T cell blood and lymph node recirculation, irrespective of naive or memory CD4+ T cell phenotype. 相似文献
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The accurate prediction of T cell epitopes is one of the key aspirations of immunoinformatics. We have developed a partial least squares-based, robust multivariate statistical method for the quantitative prediction of peptide binding to major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), the principal checkpoint on the antigen presentation pathway. As a service to the immunobiology community, we have made a Perl implementation of the method available as a World Wide Web server. 相似文献
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Immunoinformatics is an emergent branch of informatics science that long ago pullulated from the tree of knowledge that is bioinformatics. It is a discipline which applies informatic techniques to problems of the immune system. To a great extent, immunoinformatics is typified by epitope prediction methods. It has found disappointingly limited use in the design and discovery of new vaccines, which is an area where proper computational support is generally lacking. Most extant vaccines are not based around isolated epitopes but rather correspond to chemically-treated or attenuated whole pathogens or correspond to individual proteins extract from whole pathogens or correspond to complex carbohydrate. In this chapter we attempt to review what progress there has been in an as-yet-underexplored area of immunoinformatics: the computational discovery of whole protein antigens. The effective development of antigen prediction methods would significantly reduce the laboratory resource required to identify pathogenic proteins as candidate subunit vaccines. We begin our review by placing antigen prediction firmly into context, exploring the role of reverse vaccinology in the design and discovery of vaccines. We also highlight several competing yet ultimately complementary methodological approaches: sub-cellular location prediction, identifying antigens using sequence similarity, and the use of sophisticated statistical approaches for predicting the probability of antigen characteristics. We end by exploring how a systems immunomics approach to the prediction of immunogenicity would prove helpful in the prediction of antigens. 相似文献
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In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the use of renewable biomass for energy production. Anaerobic biotechnological
approaches for production of liquid energy carriers (ethanol and a mixture of acetone, butanol and ethanol) from biomass can
be employed to decrease environmental pollution and reduce dependency on fossil fuels. There are two major biological processes
that can convert biomass to liquid energy carriers via anaerobic biological breakdown of organic matter: ethanol fermentation
and mixed acetone, butanol, ethanol (ABE) fermentation. The specific product formation is determined by substrates and microbial
communities available as well as the operating conditions applied. In this review, we evaluate the recent biotechnological
approaches employed in ethanol and ABE fermentation. Practical applicability of different technologies is discussed taking
into account the microbiology and biochemistry of the processes. 相似文献
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