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David W. Kikuchi William L. Allen Kevin Arbuckle Thomas G. Aubier Emmanuelle S. Briolat Emily R. Burdfield-Steel Karen L. Cheney Klára Daňková Marianne Elias Liisa Hämäläinen Marie E. Herberstein Thomas J. Hossie Mathieu Joron Krushnamegh Kunte Brian C. Leavell Carita Lindstedt Ugo Lorioux-Chevalier Melanie McClure Callum F. McLellan Iliana Medina Viraj Nawge Erika Páez Arka Pal Stano Pekár Olivier Penacchio Jan Raška Tom Reader Bibiana Rojas Katja H. Rönkä Daniela C. Rößler Candy Rowe Hannah M. Rowland Arlety Roy Kaitlin A. Schaal Thomas N. Sherratt John Skelhorn Hannah R. Smart Ted Stankowich Amanda M. Stefan Kyle Summers Christopher H. Taylor Rose Thorogood Kate Umbers Anne E. Winters Justin Yeager Alice Exnerová 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2023,36(7):975-991
Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of multiple defences in a prey. However, a prey may use multiple defences to protect itself during a single predator encounter. Such “defence portfolios” that defend prey against a single instance of predation are distributed across and within successive stages of the predation sequence (encounter, detection, identification, approach (attack), subjugation and consumption). We contend that at present, our understanding of defence portfolio evolution is incomplete, and seen from the fragmentary perspective of specific sensory systems (e.g., visual) or specific types of defences (especially aposematism). In this review, we aim to build a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing the evolution of multiple prey defences, beginning with hypotheses for the evolution of multiple defences in general, and defence portfolios in particular. We then examine idealized models of resource trade-offs and functional interactions between traits, along with evidence supporting them. We find that defence portfolios are constrained by resource allocation to other aspects of life history, as well as functional incompatibilities between different defences. We also find that selection is likely to favour combinations of defences that have synergistic effects on predator behaviour and prey survival. Next, we examine specific aspects of prey ecology, genetics and development, and predator cognition that modify the predictions of current hypotheses or introduce competing hypotheses. We outline schema for gathering data on the distribution of prey defences across species and geography, determining how multiple defences are produced, and testing the proximate mechanisms by which multiple prey defences impact predator behaviour. Adopting these approaches will strengthen our understanding of multiple defensive strategies. 相似文献
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Iliana Ferrero C. Rossi N. Marmiroli Claudia Donnini P. P. Puglisi 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》1981,47(4):311-323
Mitochondrial protein synthesis, primary (antimycin-sensitive) respiration and secondary (antimycin-insensitive, salicyl-hydroxamate-sensitive)
respiration, have been characterized in the dimorphic yeastEndomycopsis capsularis.
The inhibition by chloramphenicol (CAP) of the morphogenetic development from the yeast-like form to the mycelial structure
in this yeast could represent the intervention in the morphogenetic process of mitochondrial protein synthesis, since chloramphenicol
blocks in vivo and in vitro mitochondrial protein synthesis. In fact, other functions such as primary and secondary respiration,
do not seem to play a role in the morphogenetic development since their inhibition by antimycin A (AA) or by salicyl-hydroxamic
acid (SHAM) does not affect the process. In addition, mitochondrial protein synthesis has been shown to be uninhibited by
the two respiratory inhibitors. 相似文献
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Soo Min Kim Iliana Escorbar Kiho Lee Beth Burgwyn Fuchs Eleftherios Mylonakis Wooseong Kim 《Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)》2020,58(6):431-444
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of hospital- and community-acquired infections. Despite current advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy, the infections caused by S. aureus remain challenging due to their ability to readily develop resistance. Indeed, antibiotic resistance, exemplified by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a top threat to global health security. Furthermore, the current rate of antibiotic discovery is much slower than the rate of antibiotic-resistance development. It seems evident that the conventional in vitro bacterial growth-based screening strategies can no longer effectively supply new antibiotics at the rate needed to combat bacterial antibiotic-resistance. To overcome this antibiotic resistance crisis, screening assays based on host–pathogen interactions have been developed. In particular, the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used for drug screening against MRSA. In this review, we will discuss the general principles of the C. elegans-based screening platform and will highlight its unique strengths by comparing it with conventional antibiotic screening platforms. We will outline major hits from high-throughput screens of more than 100,000 small molecules using the C. elegans–MRSA infection assay and will review the mode-of-action of the identified hit compounds. Lastly, we will discuss the potential of a C. elegans-based screening strategy as a paradigm shift screening platform. 相似文献
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Thdia Evelyn de Araújo Iliana Claudia Balga Milin Guilherme de Souza Rafaela Jos da Silva Alessandra Monteiro Rosini Pmela Mendona Guirelli Priscila Silva Franco Bellisa Freitas Barbosa Eloisa Amlia Vieira Ferro Idessania Nazareth da Costa 《Cell biology international》2020,44(1):36-50
During pregnancy, the placenta regulates the transfer of oxygen, nutrients, and residual products between the maternal and fetal bloodstreams and is a key determinant of fetal exposure to xenobiotics from the mother. To study the disposition of substances through the placenta, various experimental models are used, especially the perfused placenta, placental villi explants, and cell lineage models. In this context, nanotechnology, an area of study that is on the rise, enables the creation of particles on nanometric scales capable of releasing drugs aimed at specific tissues. An important reason for furthering the studies on transplacental transfer is to explore the potential of nanoparticles (NPs), in new delivery strategies for drugs that are specifically aimed at the mother, the placenta, or the fetus and that involve less toxicity. Due to the fact that the placental barrier is essential for the interaction between the maternal and fetal organisms as well as the possibility of NPs being used in the treatment of various pathologies, the aim of this review is to present the main experimental models used in studying the maternal–fetal interaction and the action of NPs in the placental environment. 相似文献
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Vesela Yancheva Elenka Georgieva Stela Stoyanova Iliana Velcheva Dóra Somogyi Krisztián Nyeste László Antal 《Acta zoologica》2020,101(4):431-446
The present study aimed to investigate for the first time the health status of the Caucasian dwarf goby Knipowitschia caucasica (Berg, 1916, Fishes of freshwaters of Russian Empire, p. 563, Moscow, Russia: Dep. Zemledeliya) (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from an anthropogenically loaded site in Hungary using histopathological analyses on multiple tissues. For that purpose, fish were collected from the public beach at Tiszafüred near the River Tisza. Gills, liver and kidney were subjected to histopathological analyses, and the results showed different alterations in each organ, which also differed in their extent and severity. In addition, we also found lesions in the reproductive organs of both, male and female fish which, overall, we hypothesized could be due to untreated municipal wastewaters, most likely contaminated with endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The multi-organ histopathological analyses of Caucasian dwarf gobies revealed different lesions, prevalence and severity in each target organ, as follows: liver>gills>kidney>gonad (testes and ovaries). These histopathological lesions can be assessed as good indicators of contamination by endocrine-disrupting chemicals of freshwater ecosystems. 相似文献
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Traditional ecological theory predicts that specialisation can promote speciation; hence, recently derived species are specialists. However, an alternative view is that new species have broad niches, which become narrower and specialised over time. Here, we test these hypotheses using avian brood parasites and three different measures of host specialisation. Brood parasites provide an ideal system in which to investigate the evolution of specialisation, because some exploit more than 40 host species and others specialise on only one. We find that young brood parasite species are smaller and specialise on a narrower range of host sizes, as expected, if specialisation is linked with the generation of new species. Moreover, we show that highly virulent parasites are more specialised, supporting findings in other host–parasite systems. Finally, we demonstrate that different measures of specialisation can lead to different conclusions, and specialisation indices should be designed taking into account the biology of each system. 相似文献
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Cline MS Smoot M Cerami E Kuchinsky A Landys N Workman C Christmas R Avila-Campilo I Creech M Gross B Hanspers K Isserlin R Kelley R Killcoyne S Lotia S Maere S Morris J Ono K Pavlovic V Pico AR Vailaya A Wang PL Adler A Conklin BR Hood L Kuiper M Sander C Schmulevich I Schwikowski B Warner GJ Ideker T Bader GD 《Nature protocols》2007,2(10):2366-2382
Cytoscape is a free software package for visualizing, modeling and analyzing molecular and genetic interaction networks. This protocol explains how to use Cytoscape to analyze the results of mRNA expression profiling, and other functional genomics and proteomics experiments, in the context of an interaction network obtained for genes of interest. Five major steps are described: (i) obtaining a gene or protein network, (ii) displaying the network using layout algorithms, (iii) integrating with gene expression and other functional attributes, (iv) identifying putative complexes and functional modules and (v) identifying enriched Gene Ontology annotations in the network. These steps provide a broad sample of the types of analyses performed by Cytoscape. 相似文献
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Lennis Beatriz Ordua-Castillo Jorge Eduardo del-Río-Robles Irving García-Jimnez Csar Zavala-Barrera Yarely Mabell Beltrn-Navarro Joseline Janai Hidalgo-Moyle Iliana Ramírez-Rangel Marco A. Hernndez-Bedolla Alma P. Reyes-Ibarra Margarita Valadez-Snchez Jos Vzquez-Prado Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz 《Journal of cell communication and signaling》2022,16(2):239
Calcium sensing receptor, a pleiotropic G protein coupled receptor, activates secretory pathways in cancer cells and putatively exacerbates their metastatic behavior. Here, we show that various CaSR mutants, identified in breast cancer patients, differ in their ability to stimulate Rac, a small Rho GTPase linked to cytoskeletal reorganization and cell protrusion, but are similarly active on the mitogenic ERK pathway. To investigate how CaSR activates Rac and drives cell migration, we used invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We revealed, by pharmacological and knockdown strategies, that CaSR activates Rac and cell migration via the Gβγ-PI3K-mTORC2 pathway. These findings further support current efforts to validate CaSR as a relevant therapeutic target in metastatic cancer.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12079-021-00662-y. 相似文献
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