大田环境下转Bt基因玉米对土壤酶活性的影响

在大田自然条件下,比较研究了转Bt基因玉米和非转基因亲本玉米在种植和秸秆分解时对土壤酶活性影响的差异。结果表明,与亲本非转基因玉米相比,在各生育期内种植转Bt玉米对土壤蛋白酶和土壤脲酶活性均没有显著影响;在喇叭口期和抽雄期,土壤蔗糖酶和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性显著提高。在秸秆还田后,两种玉米秸秆对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响没有显著差异,但使用转Bt玉米秸秆的土壤蔗糖酶、土壤脲酶和土壤蛋白酶的活性则有显著提高。与亲本玉米相比,在所有观测期内,种植Bt玉米及秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响,在影响的幅度及趋势上随玉米生育期和土壤酶种类的不同而产生差异,但没有观测到显著不利影响;商业化Bt玉米的环境释放仍有待长期定位观测和评价。     

施加角担子菌B6对连作西瓜土壤微环境和西瓜生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了施加角担子菌B6的菌丝对连作西瓜的土壤微生物区系以及产量的影响,以探索西瓜连作障碍的生物防治措施。施加B6的活菌丝(C)显著减少土壤中真菌的数量、增加细菌/放线菌的比例,在西瓜成熟期,与对照(A)和施加灭活的B6菌丝(B)相比,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌(FO)的数量分别减少了29.9%和63.3%。相比对照(A),在成熟期,C处理中土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶的活力分别提高了19.0%、159.0%和31.3%;西瓜超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别增加32.7%和4.6%,西瓜根系活力(TTC法)增强46.2%,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少51.4%。与对照(A)和施加灭活B6菌(B)相比,施加B6菌(C)后,西瓜单果重分别增加44.8%和40.9%,总产量分别增加103.8%和64.9%,可溶性糖含量分别增加35.1%和10.0%。施加B6的活菌丝能够通过改善土壤微环境,提高西瓜植株的抵抗力,进而增加产量。     

基于历史生物多样性与湿地景观结构的三江平原湿地恢复优先性研究

三江平原是我国最大的淡水沼泽分布区,建国后大规模的农业开发活动导致湿地面积锐减,湿地生态系统服务功能退化,产生一系列的生态环境问题,有必要进行湿地恢复。生物多样性的历史分布和湿地景观结构特征对湿地恢复具有重要指导意义。在分析三江平原湿地景观格局变化的基础上,结合三江平原历史生物多样性保护价值(即湿地恢复价值)以及各县市内湿地景观结构(现有湿地分布比例)对湿地恢复进行了优先性分析,确定了不同县市内不同空间位置上湿地恢复优先等级。景观格局变化分析结果表明,三江平原在20年间,湿地面积大幅减少,且破碎化现象严重,70%以上的退化或消失湿地被耕地侵占;基于历史生物多样性保护价值的湿地恢复价值评估表明,目前已经退化或消失的湿地有57.56%具有相对较高的恢复价值,而且还有22.02%的区域处于中等恢复价值水平,恢复潜力较大;结合现有湿地分布比例的结果表明,在三江平原的19个受湿地影响的市县中,有2个一级恢复区,6个二级恢复区,9个三级恢复区和2个四级恢复区。研究为今后三江平原湿地恢复行动的时空顺序确定提供了参考,同时为缺少生物多样性历史监测数据的区域提供了快速的湿地恢复评估方法。     

牧食损害对伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)生长的影响

在室外实验条件下,研究了模拟牧食损害（动物牧食所造成的损害）对伊乐藻植株生长的影响。结果表明：3种人工损害方式（去除植株50%叶片,去除植株顶端,以及同时去除植物顶端与50%叶片）对伊乐藻的生长率、主枝与分枝长度的增长、植物的干物质、氮、磷含量等均有不同程度的影响。其中,去叶与去顶去叶损害显著抑制了伊乐藻的生长,相对生长率分别占未受损植株的62.8%与74.4%;去顶与去顶去叶损害使伊乐藻主枝生长几乎停止,却显著促进了植物分枝的生长;去叶损害对植株的生长率、主枝与分枝长度的生长无明显抑制并却显著地降低了分枝的重量。对受损伊乐藻生长的机理进行了分析,探讨了东太湖伊乐藻现存量近年来迅速增加的原因并认为植物残体是伊乐藻种群扩张的重要因素之一。     

耐钙心肌细胞的分离和电生理特性观察

用快速、恒压的无钙和胶原酶Ｔｙｒｏｄｅ液相继灌流豚鼠心脏冠脉系统后,再经无钙液室温浸泡心脏和用改变的Ｋ－Ｂ液帮助分离细胞的恢复,可获得耐钙的游离心肌细胞。全细胞电流记录：静息电位为－７２±９ｍＶ（ｎ＝１２）,并显示出快内向电流（ＩＮａ）,可被异搏定阻断的慢钙离子流和时间依赖性外向钾流（Ｉｋ）;单通道记录分别显示了Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋和Ｋ＋通道的电压依赖性等特征。结果表明了用此法分离的细胞具有耐钙性和正常电生理特性。     

内生真菌对花生残茬腐解及土壤酚酸含量的影响

土壤中花生残茬是导致连作障碍的原因之一。为了探讨施加内生真菌Phomopsis liquidambari(B3)对加速花生残茬腐解、改善连作花生土壤环境、缓解花生连作障碍的作用及其可能机理,通过向土壤中添加花生(Archis hypogaea)残体,利用盆栽试验探讨了施加B3对花生残茬腐解率、土壤部分酚酸物质和酶活性的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,在萌发期和苗期,添加B3处理显著加快残茬腐解,提高纤维素木质素降解率,增加土壤中对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸和香豆酸的含量;在花生整个生育期,施加B3显著调节了土壤中漆酶、锰过氧化物酶(Manganese peroxidase,Mn P)、木质素过氧化物酶(Lignin peroxidase,Li P)和多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性的动态变化,这种变化有利于花生残茬快速腐解和酚酸类化感物质的及时转化。开花期之后施加B3处理土壤酚酸含量显著降低,花生荚果增产19.9%。实时定量PCR结果表明内生真菌B3在土壤中30 d内可以被检测,并对复杂多样的酚酸类物质具有广谱高效的降解能力。由此说明,施加内生真菌B3可以显著加快连作土壤中花生残茬腐解,进而通过减少土壤酚酸含量来缓解由残茬腐解引起的连作障碍。     

The stimulatory effect of ROCK inhibitor on bovine corneal endothelial cells

Reagents which can promote the proliferation, adhesion and migration of cultured corneal endothelial cells (CECs) will be helpful for the treatment of reduced visual acuity due to CECs deficiency. The objectives of this study were to investigate the potential use of an inhibitor of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), Y-27632, to cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells (B-CECs) and evaluated its effects on the proliferation, adhesion and migration of B-CECs. The proliferation of cultured B-CECs was moderately enhanced by 10 μM Y-27632. Y-27632 induced fibroblast-like morphological changes in the cultured B-CECs and normal cell morphology could recover after Y-27632 removal. In addition, Y-27632 was found to significantly enhance the adhesion and migration of B-CECs. Furthermore, the hanging drop aggregation assay showed that Y-27632 promoted B-CECs to form cellular networks and sheets, which proliferated along the liquid–air interface and migrated to the surface of the lid of dish. Our study demonstrated that Y-27632 is a potentially powerful reagent which can enhance the proliferation of cultured B-CECs. Y-27632 will be useful in CEC injection therapy and topical application for CEC deficiency.     

Non‐dormant Axillary Bud 1 regulates axillary bud outgrowth in sorghum

Tillering contributes to grain yield and plant architecture and therefore is an agronomically important trait in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Here, we identified and functionally characterized a mutant of the Non‐dormant Axillary Bud 1 (NAB1) gene from an ethyl methanesulfonate‐mutagenized sorghum population. The nab1 mutants have increased tillering and reduced plant height. Map‐based cloning revealed that NAB1 encodes a carotenoid‐cleavage dioxygenase 7 (CCD7) orthologous to rice (Oryza sativa) HIGH‐TILLERING DWARF1/DWARF17 and Arabidopsis thaliana MORE AXILLARY BRANCHING 3. NAB1 is primarily expressed in axillary nodes and tiller bases and NAB1 localizes to chloroplasts. The nab1 mutation causes outgrowth of basal axillary buds; removing these non‐dormant basal axillary buds restored the wild‐type phenotype. The tillering of nab1 plants was completely suppressed by exogenous application of the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24. Moreover, the nab1 plants had no detectable strigolactones and displayed stronger polar auxin transport than wild‐type plants. Finally, RNA‐seq showed that the expression of genes involved in multiple processes, including auxin‐related genes, was significantly altered in nab1. These results suggest that NAB1 functions in strigolactone biosynthesis and the regulation of shoot branching via an interaction with auxin transport.     

An improved particle bombardment for the generation of transgenic plants by direct immobilization of relleasable Tn5 transposases onto gold particles

We have developed a modified particle bombardment method for plant transgenesis. An intein-tag and a 6×Cys-tag were successively fused to the N-terminus of a hyperactive Tn5 transposase. The modified transposase was immobilized on bare gold microscopic particles via covalent binding of a 6×Cys-tag sulfydryl groups to the gold surface. The tethered transposase can bind the transposon DNA in vitro to form the transposome in the absence of Mg2? ions. After bombardment of the gold particles carrying the transposomes into the plant cells, the transposomes will be released from the carrier due to the activated self-cleavage function of intein-tag. Our data showed this procedure integrated foreign DNA into the plant genome with an increased transformation frequency as compared to the conventional particle bombardment method. A single copy insertion can also be obtained by decreasing of the assembled transposon DNA amount in relation to plant cell biomass.     

CDK5-Mediated Phosphorylation-Dependent Ubiquitination and Degradation of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases GP78 Accelerates Neuronal Death in Parkinson’s Disease

The molecular mechanisms responsible for the loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD) remain obscure. Loss of function of E3 ubiquitin ligases is associated with mitochondria dysfunction, dysfunction of protein degradation, and α-synuclein aggregation, which are major contributors to neurodegeneration in PD. Recent research has thus focused on E3 ubiquitin ligase glycoprotein 78 (GP78); however, the role of GP78 in PD pathogenesis remains unclear. Notably, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) controls multiple cellular events in postmitotic neurons, and CDK5 activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Thus, we addressed the relationship between CDK5 and GP78 in MPTP-based PD models. We found that GP78 expression is decreased in MPTP-based cellular and animal PD models, and CDK5 directly phosphorylated GP78 at Ser516, which promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of GP78. Importantly, overexpression of GP78 or interference of GP78 Ser516 phosphorylation protected neurons against MPP⁺-induced cell death. Thus, our research reveals that the CDK5-GP78 pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of PD and could be a novel candidate drug target for the treatment of PD.