Cross-pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani strains on pasture legumes in pasture-crop rotations

In Australia, in the past, pasture legumes were rotated mainly with cereals, but increasingly these rotations now involve pasture legumes with a wider range of crops, including legumes. This increasing frequency of the leguminous host in the rotation system may be associated with increased root rots in legumes in the current pasture-crop rotations. The primary aim of this study was to see whether the pathogenicity on pasture legumes of strains of Rhizoctonia solani sourced from lupins and cereals (common crops in rotation with pastures) is associated with increased incidence of root rots in pasture legumes in the disease conducive sandy soils of the Mediterranean regions of southern Australia. The second aim was to determine sources of resistance among newly introduced pasture legumes to R. solani strains originating from rotational crops as this would reduce the impact of disease in the pasture phase. Fifteen pasture legume genotypes were assessed for their resistance/susceptibility to five different zymogram groups (ZG) of the root rot pathogen R. solani under glasshouse conditions. Of the R. solani groups tested, ZG1–5 and ZG1–4 (both known to be pathogenic on cereals and legumes) overall, caused the most severe root disease across the genotypes tested, significantly more than ZG6 (known to be pathogenic on legumes), in turn significantly >ZG4 (known to be pathogenic on legumes) which in turn was >ZG11 (known to be pathogenic on legumes including tropical species). Overall, Ornithopus sativus Brot. cvs Cadiz and Margurita, Trifolium michelianum Savi. cvs Paradana and Frontier and T. purpureum Loisel. cv. Electro showed a significant level of resistance to root rot caused by R. solani ZG11 (root disease scores ≤1.2 on a 1–3 scale where 3 = maximum disease severity) while O. sativus cvs Cadiz and Erica showed a significant level of resistance to root rot caused by R. solani ZG4 (scores ≤1.2). O. compressus L. cvs Charano and Frontier, O. sativus cv. Erica, and T. purpureum cv. Electro showed some useful resistance to root rot caused by R. solani ZG6 (scores ≤1.8). This is the first time that cvs Cadiz, Electro, Frontier, Margurita and Paradana have been recognised for their levels of resistance to root rot caused by R. solani ZG11; and similarly for cvs Cadiz and Erica against ZG4; and for cvs Charano, Erica, and Electro against ZG6. These genotypes with resistance may also serve as useful sources of resistance in pasture legume breeding programs and also could potentially be exploited directly into areas where other rotation crops are affected by these R. solani strains. None of the tested genotypes showed useful resistance to R. solani ZG1–4 (scores ≥2.0) or ZG1–5 (scores ≥2.5). This study demonstrates the relative potential of the various R. solani ZG strains, and particularly ZG1–4, ZG1–5, ZG4 and ZG6 to attack legume pastures and pose a significant threat to non-pasture crop species susceptible to these strains grown in rotation with these pasture legumes. Significantly, the cross-pathogenicity of these strains could result in the continuous build-up of inoculum of these strains that may seriously affect the productivity eventually of legumes in all rotations. In particular, when choosing pasture legumes as rotation crops, caution needs to be exercised so that the cultivars deployed are those with the best resistance to the R. solani ZGs most likely to be prevalent at the location.     

Measurement of extracellular 5-HT and 5-HIAA in hippocampus of freely moving rats using microdialysis: long-term applications

Extracellular levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in the ventral hippocampus of the awake rat using microdialysis. The basal level of 5-HT in hippocampal dialysates was very close to the detection limit of our assay. However, addition of a 5-HT re-uptake blocker, citalopram, to the perfusion medium resulted in a 3-fold rise of 5-HT levels in dialysates and provided a stable baseline. Under these conditions, extracellular levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA could be measured up to 11 days after dialysis probe implantation. 5-HT measured in dialysate was Ca²⁺-dependent both 24 h and 7 days after surgery. In comparison K⁺-induced depolarization caused a 9-fold increase in 5-HT output 24 h after probe implantation and this effect had disappeared 10 days later, although behavioral activation following K⁺ application was similar 24 h and 11 days after surgery. Systematic administration of -trytophan had no significant effect on 5-HT but increased 5-HIAA levels by 90%. These results suggest that in the presence of citalopram, 5-HT in hippocampal dialysates is derived from serotonergic neurones. The microdialysis method appears most useful for measurement of extracellular 5-HT 24–72 h after probe implantation. Finally, our data indicate that extracellular 5-HIAA mainly reflects intraneuronal metabolism of 5-HT prior to release.     

压脚痛阈测定法的改进和应用

本文介绍一种改进的压脚测痛法。采用电机驱动替代用手挤压橡皮球完成升压过程;通过一个自动的电路切断结构判定抽脚反应,较目视更加客观;用读数保持电路记录压力变化,较直接读取刻度值更加准确,可靠。这些优点,业经电针和吗啡镇痛实验验证。     

粘虫的血糖代谢

本文通过纸上层析和化学方法,研究了粘虫在蛹化前后各虫期血淋巴液中的总糖、海藻糖、葡萄糖和血淋巴的还原值,并与蓖麻蚕进行了比较。此外,还测定了血淋巴海藻糖酶的活性变化。结果表明:1)在蛹化前后血淋巴液中的总糖与海藻糖,自末龄幼虫进食以后开始大量积累,到幼虫老熟时达最高。在幼虫蜕皮和停食化蛹过程,血糖含量明显地减少。雌体含量均高于雄体。血淋巴液中的糖量变化与粘虫的生长发育有密切关系。2)和蓖麻蚕相似,在蜕皮和停食以后的化蛹过程,血淋巴中的还原值显著增加,这种增加主要是由于葡萄糖、核糖以及其它还原物质的出现或数量的增加所引起。3)末龄幼虫血淋巴液中的总糖及海藻糖的百分比含量,均比同虫期的蓖麻蚕的含量低2—5倍。粘虫幼虫血淋巴中的海藻糖量只占总糖的66.3%—94%,而蓖麻蚕则为98%—100%。4)幼虫血淋巴中的海藻糖酶活力与家蚕、蓖麻蚕的相同,均在进食期间无活力表现或活力极低;在幼虫蜕皮和化蛹过程则明显出现活力。5)血淋巴液中的糖量变化与海藻糖酶活力变化有明显的负相关。文中还分析和讨论了粘虫血糖代谢的特点以及各种糖类物质在生长发育中的作用。     

分子氮影响下的蓝藻Anabaena7120乙炔还原

经分子氮预处理的蓝藻乙炔还原活性下降。分子氮对乙炔还原的抑制作用可因CO_2的加入而削弱,氮浓度增高时,CO_2的此种有益作用即消失。在5％ CO_2条件下:(1)光照强度大时,经分子氮预处理的蓝藻乙炔还原活性比未经处理的(氮气中)高些,弱光下则削弱,暗中削弱更大;(2)它受到光合抑制剂的抑制较大;(3)对CO_2和O_2的敏感度比未经氮预处理者小;(4)分子氢对其支持与来经氮预处理的相差甚微,但对其受O_2损伤时的保护作用则大些;(5)MSX对分子氮预处理的蓝藻乙炔还原也有明显的抑制,且比单加CO_2的大。     

贮藏温度和气体状况对苹果果胶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶变化的影响

在苹果贮藏前期温度和CO_2浓度由高到低同步变动形成双维变动气调(TDCA)。 前期高温期间,果实予以高浓度CO_2处理,可抑制高温促使早熟的不利效应,其保鲜效果优于冷库,接近传统气调贮藏,表现在果肉硬度下降平缓;原果胶转化为水溶性果胶的速度减慢;多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性显著受抑。低浓度CO_2抑制高温效应的作用大为减弱。低温下,不同浓度CO_2作用差异不大,均优于对照。     

酵母鉴定程序在酵母分类鉴定中的应用

本文介绍了Barnett等1985年编制并由剑桥大学发行的计算机软件《酵母鉴定程序》,以及如何使用该程序在IBM PC DOS操作系统上进行酵母菌的分类鉴定。我们使用该程序对从云南鸡足山和紫金山两地森林土壤中分离到的82株酵母菌进行了分类鉴定,其中:鉴定到种的有47株,占总株数的57.3％;鉴定到属但未能直接定到种的有21株,占总株数的25.6％;暂未定名的有14株,占总株数的17.1％。     

家兔延髓腹外侧区内注射荷包牡丹碱对安定降低心脏功能的影响

家兔48只,用乌拉坦(1g/kg)静脉麻醉,三碘季铵酚制动,在人工呼吸下进行实验。静脉注射安定(0.5mg/kg)以及侧脑室注射氟安定(2mg溶于50μl人工脑脊液中)或γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)(300μg溶于50μl人工脑脊液中)都可降低心室内压峰值(PLVP),减少心力环面积(ACFL)和心室内压最大上升速率(dp/dt_(max))。安定和氟安定对PLVP、ACFL和dp/dt_(max)的抑制作用可被预先在侧脑室注射GABA受体拮抗剂印防己毒素(15μg溶于50μl人工脑脊液中)或双侧延髓腹外侧头端区(γVLM)微量注射GABA受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱(3μg溶于0.5μl生理盐水)所阻断。而在延髓网状巨细胞核中间部、网状小细胞核、孤束核或面神经核内注射同样剂量的荷包牡丹碱则不能阻断。 这些结果提示:延髓腹侧部GABA受体的激活可抑制心脏功能,安定对心脏功能的抑制作用可能通过激活延髓腹侧区GABA受体而实现。