Focal adhesion kinase is negatively regulated by phosphorylation at tyrosine 407

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediates signal transduction in response to multiple extracellular inputs via tyrosine phosphorylation at specific residues. Although several tyrosine phosphorylation events have been linked to FAK activation and downstream signal transduction, the function of FAK phosphorylation at Tyr(407) was previously unknown. Here, we show for the first time that phosphorylation of FAK Tyr(407) increases during serum starvation, contact inhibition, and cell cycle arrest, all conditions under which activating FAK Tyr(397) phosphorylation decreases. Transfection of NIH3T3 cells with a phosphorylation-mimicking FAK 407E mutant decreased autophosphorylation at Tyr(397) and inhibited both FAK kinase activity in vitro and FAK-mediated functions such as cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and migration. The opposite effects were observed in cells transfected with nonphosphorylatable mutant FAK 407F. Taken together, these data suggest the novel concept that FAK Tyr(407) phosphorylation negatively regulates the enzymatic and biological activities of FAK.     

Ciliary neurotrophic factor upregulates ubiquitin-proteasome components in a rat model of neuronal injury

Neuronal injury triggers the release of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), promoting local neuronal repair but producing systemic effects of anorexia and lean body weight loss. Due to the rapid rate of systemic protein loss stimulated by CNTF, we hypothesized involvement of the hepatic ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic (UPP) pathway in CNTF-induced proteolysis. To assess the role of central CNTF in systemic UPP regulation, we measured hepatic UPP mRNA and proteasome activity in a rat model of neuronal injury and determined alterations induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of CNTF-neutralizing antibody or additional exogenous CNTF. We also assessed proteolytic parameters and nutritional status by measuring caloric intake, body weight, and protein levels. We produced neuronal injury by implanting a lateral ventricle cannula and giving daily ICV saline bolus injections, which increased hepatic 20S proteasome mRNA and enzymatic activity while reducing caloric intake, body weight, and protein levels compared to controls. Administration of ICV anti-CNTF antibodies (but not control antibodies) prevented these effects. Addition of exogenous CNTF augmented the weight loss along with the increases in 20S proteasome mRNA and proteolytic activity induced by neuronal injury. We conclude that CNTF decreases lean body weight through a combination of appetite inhibition and UPP pathway activation.     

Monte carlo simulations of tau proteins: effect of phosphorylation

We perform Monte Carlo simulations of tau proteins bound to a cylinder that mimics a microtubule (MT), and then study them in solution. Tau protein binds to a highly anionic MT surface to stabilize the cylindrical structure of MT. The negatively charged tail domain floats away from the anionic MT surface while positively charged tau segments localize near the MT surface. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that, in 3RS tau isoform (which has three imperfect repeats (R) short (S) isoform), amino acids are more condensed near a highly charged interface compared to 4RL isoform (which has four imperfect repeats (R) long (L) isoform). In 4RL isoform, amino acids in tail domain stay mostly apart from the MT surface. In the bulk solution, dephosphorylated taus are separated due to Coulomb repulsion between similarly charged isoforms. Moderate phosphorylation of 3RS isoform decreases average intermolecular distance between dephosphorylated and phosphorylated taus and lead to their overlap. Further phosphorylation does not change noticeably the intermolecular distances.     

Olig2-Induced Neural Stem Cell Differentiation Involves Downregulation of Wnt Signaling and Induction of Dickkopf-1 Expression

Understanding stem cell-differentiation at the molecular level is important for clinical applications of stem cells and for finding new therapeutic approaches in the context of cancer stem cells. To investigate genome-wide changes involved in differentiation, we have used immortalized neural stem cell (NSC) line (HB1.F3) and Olig2-induced NSC differentiation model (F3.Olig2). Using microarray analysis, we revealed that Olig2-induced NSC differentiation involves downregulation of Wnt pathway, which was further confirmed by TOPflash/FOPflash reporter assay, RT-PCR analysis, immunoblots, and immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, we found that Olig2-induced differentiation induces the expression of Dickkopf-1(Dkk1), a potent antagonist of Wnt signaling. Dkk1 treatment blocked Wnt signaling in HB1.F3 in a dosage-dependent manner, and induced differentiation into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Our results support cancer stem cell hypothesis which implies that signaling pathway for self-renewal and proliferation of stem cells is maintained till the late stage of differentiation. In our proposed model, Dkk1 may play an important role in downregulating self-renewal and proliferation pathway of stem cells at the late stage of differentiation, and its failure may lead to carcinogenesis.