Influence of oxytocin on human memory processes: Validation by a control study

An earlier report (1) of an adverse effect of high doses of oxytocin on human memory included results of studies on women receiving oxytocin as part of the treatment to induce 2nd trimester therapeutic abortion. These women served as their own controls. We have now been able to study a group of women who have been treated in all ways like the original group, with the exception that they did not receive oxytocin. The results from this external control corroborate the finding that oxytocin affected memory.     

Immobilisation stress-induced anorexia is not due to gastric ulceration

The relationship between the anorexia following immobilisation and the associated gastric pathology in male and female rats was investigated. Male rats were injected with saline or the histamine-H2. antagonist, ranitidine, which inhibits gastric acid secretion but does not readily enter the brain. Thirty minutes later, the animals were immobilised for 2 hours. Ranitidine pretreatment reduced the number of gastric lesions but had no effect on the degree of stress-induced anorexia. The number of gastric lesions did not correlate significantly with the degree of anorexia or weight loss. Previous studies have reported that female rats (unlike males) exhibit anorexia after repeated daily immobilisations and have greater gastric pathology following stress. Therefore, in a second experiment, female rats were pretreated with saline or ranitidine and immobilised for 2 hours/day for 4 days. The drug did not decrease the number of lesions observed after this treatment. However, as in the first experiment, the number of lesions did not correlate significantly with anorexia or weight loss. It is therefore unlikely that immobilisation stress-induced anorexia in either male or female rats is merely a consequence of gastric ulceration.     

Amino Acid Analysis Demonstrates that Increased Plasma Free Tryptophan Causes the Increase of Brain Tryptophan During Exercise in the Rat

Rats were trained to run on a horizontal treadmill for 2 h at 20 m/min. This activity considerably increased plasma free tryptophan (TRP) (+70%) but did not alter plasma total TRP levels and had little or no effect on plasma concentrations of the other large neutral amino acids (LNAAs) that compete with TRP for entry into the brain. Brain TRP levels increased by 80%. The only other brain LNAA to be affected by exercise was threonine, which rose moderately. The results indicate that increased plasma free TRP was specifically responsible for the increase of brain TRP after 2 h of exercise. Brain lysine was also increased whereas glycine, alanine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid were decreased. The differences between the present findings and those previously obtained following 2 h immobilization stress are discussed.     

mtDNA diversity in rhesus monkeys reveals overestimates of divergence time and paraphyly with neighboring species

Reconstructions of the human-African great ape phylogeny by using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been subject to considerable debate. One confounding factor may be the lack of data on intraspecific variation. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of intraspecific mtDNA diversity on the phylogenetic reconstruction of another Plio- Pleistocene radiation of higher primates, the fascicularis group of macaque (Macaca) monkey species. Fifteen endonucleases were used to identify 10 haplotypes of 40-47 restriction sites in M. mulatta, which were compared with similar data for the other members of this species group. Interpopulational, intraspecific mtDNA diversity was large (0.5%- 4.5%), and estimates of divergence time and branching order incorporating this variation were substantially different from those based on single representatives of each species. We conclude that intraspecific mtDNA diversity is substantial in at least some primate species. Consequently, without prior information on the extent of genetic diversity within a particular species, intraspecific variation must be assessed and accounted for when reconstructing primate phylogenies. Further, we question the reliability of hominoid mtDNA phylogenies, based as they are on one or a few representatives of each species, in an already depauperate superfamily of primates.      

Pokeweed mitogen inhibition of protein synthesis in cultured lymphoblastoid lines

Summary Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and ricin are both lectins derived from plant seeds. They are glycoproteins and share the ability to agglutinate a variety of animal cells including erythrocytes. The effect of these two lectins on protein synthesis was studied in four longterm lymphoblastoid lines (8866 and GM1531, which are B cell lines; and CCRF/CEM and MOLT 4, which are T-cell lines). Ricin (50 μg/ml) completely inhibited protein synthesis by 2 hr in both B-cell and T-cell lines as measured by the uptake to [³H]leucine. The PWM appeared more specific and at a concentration of 500 μg/ml inhibited protein synthesis only in B-cell lines (8866 and GM 1531). This effect was maximal at 5 hr. To investigate the reason for the differential effect of PWM on T and B cells,¹²⁵I-labeled PWM was incubated with 8866, MOLT 4, and CCRF/CEM to see if a significant difference in binding to B cells and T cells could be demonstrated. It does not appear that the differential effect on T and B cells is due to a difference in the amount of PWM bound. On the other hand it is possible that the B cells may bind some toxic subcomponent of the PWM preparation that the T cells do not bind because of a difference in composition or arrangement of cell surface glycoproteins.     

Oviposition and development in predaceous mites fed with artificial and natural diets (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Oviposition rate and developmental capacity was determined for Amblyseius hibisci (Chant), A. limonicus Garman and McGregor, A. largoensis (Muma), Metaseiulus pomoides Schuster & Pritchard, M. occidentalis (Nesbitt), Typhloseiopsis arboreus (Chant), Typhodromus pyri Scheuten, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, and Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) on both artificial and natural diets. Oviposition and development occurred in seven of nine species when fed artificial diet and in all species when fed natural diets (phytophagous mites or pollen). The combined mean oviposition rate (21-d tests) for all species which oviposited on artificial diet was ca. one third the rate achieved by these species when tested on natural diets. Eggs and immature stages derived from oviposition tests with artificial diet showed no abnormalities and developmental times (egg to egg) were similar to those observed on natural diets. Predator cultures maintained on artificial diet showed gradual declines in viability within 2–3 months and only A. hibisci survived longer than 6 months. Adult predators of species which failed to oviposit when fed artificial diet survived longer than adults tested in the absence of food and water. Immature stages of these species failed to develop on artificial diet.

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Ponte et developpement d'acariens predateurs alimentes a partir d'un regime artificiel et d'un regime naturel (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Résumé Le nombre d'ufs pondus par 7 espèces de Phytoseiidae nourries sur milieu artificiel a varié de 0,1 à 1,2 uf/femelle/jour. Pour l'ensemble des espèces, le nombre moyen d'ufs pondus a été de 0,5 uf/femelle/jour pour une période de ponte moyenne de 18,5 jours.Deux espèces, Phytoseiulus persimilis et Metaseiulus occidentalis nourries sur milieu artificiel, n'ont pas pondu; leurs longévités moyennes ont été respectivement de 11,3 et de 10,3 jours.Avec un régime naturel (acariens phytophages ou pollen), le nombre d'ufs pondus, pour 9 espèces de Phytoseiidae a varié de 0,8 à 3,2 ufs/femelle/jour. Pour l'ensemble des espèces, le nombre moyen d'ufs pondus a été de 1,7 uf/femelle/jour pour une durée moyenne de la période de ponte de 19,0 jours.La viabilité des ufs provenant des expériences de ponte avec régime artificiel était elevée chez toutes les espèces prédatrices et les durées du développement sur milieu artificiel étaient semblables à celles observées avec régime naturel. La viabilité des élevages de prédateurs maintenus sur milieu artificiel a diminué progressivement et la plupart des élevages avaient disparu en moins de 6 mois. Les tentatives d'élevage de P. persimilis et M. occidentalis sur milieu artificiel ont été négatives bien que les prédateurs adultes femelles aient eu une plus grande longévité sur milieu artificiel qu'en absence de nourriture et d'eau.

     

Effect of wind-borne pollens on the population dynamics ofAmblyseius hibisci [Acarina: Phytoseiidae]

Populations ofAmblyseius hibisci (Chant), an important predator of citrus red mite,Panonychus citri (McGregor) exhibited varying responses to field applications of cat-tail,Typha latifolia L., pollen in San Joaquin Valley citrus groves. Predator densities increased to significantly higher levels after pollen treatments during the fall months, and to a limited extent after late winter treatments, but not after early spring treatments. The amount of response appeared to be inversely related to the levels of natural foods present during the various seasons. Results of the wind-borne pollen monitoring studies indicated that population growth inA. hibisci was correlated with the seasonal pattern of pollen fallout. Population growth was slowest in years when pollen catches were low during the late winter and early spring, and fastest in years when peak pollen catches occurred in late winter or early spring. Population growth inA. hibisci did not appear to be markedly responsive toP. citri populations although suppression of prey densities was indicated in ca. 50% of the cases. In laboratory tests,A. hibisci reproduced through 3 generations on 11 of 23 pollens tested.     

Reductions in the dietary niche of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from the Holocene to the Anthropocene

The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a marine mammal hunted to near extinction during the 1800s. Despite their well‐known modern importance as a keystone species, we know little about historical sea otter ecology. Here, we characterize the ecological niche of ancient southern sea otters (E. lutris nereis) using δ¹³C analysis and δ¹⁵N analysis of bones recovered from archaeological sites spanning ~7,000 to 350 years before present (N = 112 individuals) at five regions along the coast of California. These data are compared with previously published data on modern animals (N = 165) and potential modern prey items. In addition, we analyze the δ¹⁵N of individual amino acids for 23 individuals to test for differences in sea otter trophic ecology through time. After correcting for tissue‐specific and temporal isotopic effects, we employ nonparametric statistics and Bayesian niche models to quantify differences among ancient and modern animals. We find ancient otters occupied a larger isotopic niche than nearly all modern localities; likely reflecting broader habitat and prey use in prefur trade populations. In addition, ancient sea otters at the most southerly sites occupied an isotopic niche that was more than twice as large as ancient otters from northerly regions. This likely reflects greater invertebrate prey diversity in southern California relative to northern California. Thus, we suggest the potential dietary niche of sea otters in southern California could be larger than in central and northern California. At two sites, Año Nuevo and Monterey Bay, ancient otters had significantly higher δ¹⁵N values than modern populations. Amino acid δ¹⁵N data indicated this resulted from shifting baseline isotope values, rather than a change in sea otter trophic ecology. Our results help in better understanding the contemporary ecological role of sea otters and exemplify the strength of combing zooarchaeological and biological information to provide baseline data for conservation efforts.     

Noninformative vision improves the spatial resolution of touch in humans

Research on sensory perception now often considers more than one sense at a time. This approach reflects real-world situations, such as when a visible object touches us. Indeed, vision and touch show great interdependence: the sight of a body part can reduce tactile target detection times [1], visual and tactile attentional systems are spatially linked [2], and the texture of surfaces that are actively touched with the fingertips is perceived using both vision and touch [3]. However, these previous findings might be mediated by spatial attention [1, 2] or by improved guidance of movement [3] via visually enhanced body position sense [4--6]. Here, we investigate the direct effects of viewing the body on passive touch. We measured tactile two-point discrimination thresholds [7] on the forearm while manipulating the visibility of the arm but holding gaze direction constant. The spatial resolution of touch was better when the arm was visible than when it was not. Tactile performance was further improved when the view of the arm was magnified. In contrast, performance was not improved by viewing a neutral object at the arm's location, ruling out improved spatial orienting as a possible account. Controls confirmed that no information about the tactile stimulation was provided by visibility of the arm. This visual enhancement of touch may point to online reorganization of tactile receptive fields.