西藏虫草蝠蛾属一新种(鳞翅目：蝙蝠蛾科)

报道了采自西藏那曲地区比如基地的鳞翅目蝙蝠蛾科一新种,比如蝠蛾Hepialus biruensis Fu, sp.nov。该种幼虫是我国特产药材冬虫夏草的寄主昆虫之一。     

Chemical fingerprint analysis of rhizomes of Gymnadenia conopsea by HPLC-DAD-MSn

A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS(n)) method has been firstly developed for chemical fingerprint analysis of rhizomes of Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br. and rapid identification of major compounds in the fingerprints. Comparing the UV and MS spectra with those of reference compounds, seven main peaks in the fingerprints were identified as adenosine (1), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (2), 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde (3), dactylorhin B (4), loroglossin (5), dactylorhin A (6) and militarine (7). Compounds 4-7 were succinate derivative esters and firstly discovered from this species. The Computer Aided Similarity Evaluation System (CASES) for chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine was employed to evaluate the similarities of 10 samples of the rhizomes of G. conopsea collected from Sichuan, Qinghai and Hebei provinces, Tibet autonomous region of China, and Nepal. These samples from different sources had similar chemical fingerprints. This method is specific and may serve for quality identification and comprehensive evaluation of this traditional Tibetan remedy.     

黄土高原不同植被类型区人工林地深层土壤干燥化效应

人工林地土壤干燥化正在日益严重的威胁着黄土高原人工植被建设成效.在黄土高原3个植被类型区广泛观测苹果、刺槐、油松、辽东栎、狼牙刺、沙棘和柠条等23种不同立地和树龄林地深层土壤湿度基础上,比较和分析了各类林地土壤含水量、土壤湿度剖面分布和土壤干燥化强度,定量评价了各类林地深层土壤干燥化效应.研究结果表明:(1)23种林地0～1000 cm土层土壤湿度、土壤贮水量和土壤有效含水量平均值依次为10.84%、1409.8 mm和446.6 mm,明显低于荒草地土壤湿度和当地土壤稳定湿度值,各类林地平均土壤水分过耗量超过500 mm,每年多消耗土壤水分36.8 mm.林地土壤水分过耗量和耗水速度以中部半干旱森林草原区最高,南部半湿润森林区相对较低.林地土壤干燥化速度为:柠条和狼牙刺林地＞油松林地＞刺槐和沙棘林地＞苹果园地和辽东栎林地;(2)除林龄较短的苹果、沙棘和柠条林地外,各类林地在300 cm以下深层土壤湿度明显低于荒草地土壤湿度和土壤稳定湿度值,林地深层土壤湿度表现为阳坡低于阴坡、坡地低于平地,最大耗水深度接近或超过1000 cm.随林龄增长,林地深层土壤湿度逐渐降低,土壤干层逐渐加深和加厚;(3)23种林地土壤干燥化指数平均值为51.6%,达到中度(偏重)干燥化强度,林地土壤干层厚度达到或超过800 cm,随着降水量从半湿润区向半干旱偏旱区趋势性减少,林地土壤干燥化强度趋于强化,土壤干层厚度趋于增加.土壤干燥化强度和土壤干层厚度表现为:油松、辽东栎、狼牙刺和柠条林地＞刺槐林地＞苹果和沙棘林地.     

三江并流地区干旱河谷植物物种多样性海拔梯度格局比较

在滇西北三江并流地区典型干旱河谷段, 在怒江、澜沧江和金沙江的东、西坡共设置了6条海拔梯度样带, 通过标准样地的植物群落调查, 分析各条样带植物的物种丰富度、物种更替率的海拔梯度格局, 并比较了地理和植被变量对分布格局的解释。干旱河谷植被带位于海拔3,000 m以下, 以灌丛和灌草丛为主, 其在各河谷的分布上限自西向东依次升高。植物物种丰富度的分布主要与海拔、流域、经纬度和植被带有关, 沿纬度和海拔梯度升高而显著增加的格局主要表现在草本层和灌木层, 灌木物种丰富度还呈现自西向东显著增加的趋势。怒江的灌木和草本种物种丰富度显著高于金沙江和澜沧江, 三条江的乔木种丰富度差异则不显著。森林带的样方草本物种丰富度显著低于灌草丛带样方, 并且还拥有后者没有的乔木种。不同样带的植物物种更替速率呈现了不一致的海拔梯度格局, 但均在样带海拔下部的灌草丛群落与海拔上部森林群落之间的交错带出现峰值。森林-灌草丛植被交错带在怒江样带处于海拔1,900-2,100 m处, 在澜沧江河谷位于海拔2,300-2,400 m, 在金沙江河谷位于海拔2,700-2,900 m。所有海拔样带的森林段或灌草丛段相对于同一样带不同植被段之间的物种更替程度为最小, 不仅小于同一流域不同样带相同植被段之间物种更替率的均值, 更小于所有样带相同植被段之间的更替率均值。在三条河流6条海拔样带的12个植被带段之间的物种更替变化中, 空间隔离因素可以解释34.2%, 而植被类型差异仅能解释不到0.5%。本研究结果显示了环境差异对不同植被类型物种丰富度的首要影响, 和各河流之间的空间隔离对植物群落构建和物种构成的主要作用。     

Effects of deep soil desiccation on artificial forestlands in different vegetation zones on the Loess Plateau of China

Deep soil desiccations are increasingly threatening artificial forests on the Loess Plateau of China. Soil moisture in 0–1000 cm soil layers of 23 kinds of tree and shrub forestlands was measured. Average soil moisture in 0–1000 cm soil profile of the forestlands was 10.84%, obviously lower than soil moisture in local natural grasslands and soil stable moisture. Average soil desic-cation intensity reached a medium level. Maximum soil water use depth was close to or over 1000 cm, and the thickness of desic-cated soil layers in forestlands reached or passed 800 cm.     

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Tibetan sheep in Tibet, China

In the present investigation, the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in 455 Tibetan sheep in Tibet, China, was examined using an indirect hemagglutination test. Of these, 26 (5.7%) Tibetan sheep were seropositive at the cut-off of 1:64 serum dilution. The seroprevalence ranged from 2.2% to 8.9% among Tibetan sheep of <1-yr-old, 1-3-yr-old, and >3-yr-old, but the differences among the age groups were not significant (P > 0.05). The prevalence in male Tibetan sheep (2.8%) was lower than that in female Tibetan sheep (6.6%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The results of this survey indicated the presence of T. gondii infection in Tibetan sheep, which may cause economic losses to the local livestock industry and which poses a potential threat to human health in this area.     

雅鲁藏布江河岸植物物种丰富度分布格局及其环境解释

沿环境梯度物种多样性的分布格局及其环境影响因子的研究是生态学研究的重点内容之一。雅鲁藏布江是我国海拔最高的大河, 目前还没有针对其流域的河岸植物群落物种丰富度分布格局的系统研究。作者沿海拔梯度从雅鲁藏布江上游源头区至下游共设置了15个海拔样带, 在每个海拔样带随机取6个5 m×5 m样方, 共对90个样方的河岸植物群落物种组成和植被类型进行了调查, 共记录到238种维管束植物。DCA排序结果表明物种组成变化主要受海拔和经度控制。CCA排序区分出5种大的植被类型, 即高寒草甸或高寒草原、高山草原、两种亚高山灌丛草原和林缘灌丛植被。各植被类型的分布和变化主要受海拔和经度影响。雅鲁藏布江河岸植物物种丰富度沿海拔和经度梯度呈浅“U”形分布格局, 物种丰富度与年均降水量和植被盖度成显著正相关。     

地域环境对青藏高原特有植物藏川杨生物学特性的影响

通过对西藏中、南部16个藏川杨种源地环境特征、植株和枝叶形态特征、生长习性等生物学特性的观测比较,发现藏川杨为高大、长寿乔木,株龄逾千年、株高达45 m、冠幅22 m,分布海拔高度2000～4500 m、分布区域跨越湿润、半湿润、半干旱和干旱区,随着分布区环境变化,不同种源藏川杨的树皮、枝条、芽、叶等形态特征呈现规律性变化,空气湿度增加、树干颜色变深、枝条被毛加重、顶生冬芽变窄、叶片长/宽比增加;半湿润区和灌溉区植株的叶面积、枝条长度增加,湿润区、阴湿地或环境条件恶劣地区植株叶片和枝条生长不佳,枝条干湿比相对较小。结果表明:藏川杨具有很强的环境适应能力和可塑性,耐旱,喜光、抗强光辐射,耐贫瘠、喜中性或弱碱性土壤,具有很高的生态和经济价值。     

Phylogeography and allopatric divergence of cypress species (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cupressus</Emphasis> L.) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions

Background  

Although allopatric speciation is viewed as the most common way in which species originate, allopatric divergence among a group of closely related species has rarely been examined at the population level through phylogeographic analysis. Here we report such a case study on eight putative cypress (Cupressus) species, which each have a mainly allopatric distribution in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and adjacent regions. The analysis involved sequencing three plastid DNA fragments (trnD-trnT, trnS-trnG and trnL-trnF) in 371 individuals sampled from populations at 66 localities.