中国钩蛾亚科黄钩蛾属(鳞翅目:钩蛾科)

黄钩蛾属Tridrepana全世界已有32种(Watson,1957),其中包括中国的10种(Watson,1968)。我们手中标本已鉴定10种,其中新增4新种及1新亚种。本文作一全般记录。     

无眼金线鲃及其性状演化

无眼金线鲃Sinocyclocheilus anophthalmus是继我国个旧盲条鳅、无眼平鳅、裸腹盲鲃之后发现的第四种盲鱼。与近似种小孔金线鲃相比,该新种侧线鳞较少。由于它长期生活在黑暗的石灰岩溶洞之中,引起某些性状的适应性变异:眼睛消失;体无色素;鳞片退化,感觉器官特别发达。形态比较结果表明,无眼金线鲃是类似小孔金线鲃的祖先进入地下伏流后,适应黑暗环境而形成的一个种,为本属鱼类进化过程中的一个特化分支。     

The nitrogen balance of Raphanus sativus X raphanistrum plants. I. Daily nitrogen use under high nitrate supply

Abstract Growth-chamber cultivated Raphanus plants accumulate nitrate during their vegetative growth. After 25 days of growth at a constant supply to the roots of 1 mol m^?3 (NO^?₃) in a balanced nutrient solution, the oldest leaves (eight-leaf stage) accumulated 2.5% NO^?₃-nitrogen (NO₃-N) in their lamina, and almost 5% NO₃-N in their petioles on a dry weight basis. This is equivalent to approximately 190 and 400 mol^?3 m^?3 concentration of NO^?₃ in the lamina and the petiole, respectively, as calculated on a total tissue water content basis. Measurements were made of root NO^?₃ uptake, NO^?₃ fluxes in the xylem, nitrate uptake by the mesophyll cells, and nitrate reduction as measured by an in vivo test. NO^?₃ uptake by roots and mesophyll cells was greater in the light than in the dark. The NO^?₃ concentration in the xylem fluid was constant with leaf age, but showed a distinct daily variation as a result of the independent fluxes of root uptake, transpiration and mesophyll uptake. NO^?₃ was reduced in the leaf at a higher rate in the light than in the dark. The reduction was inhibited at the high concentrations calculated to exist in the mesophyll vacuoles, but reduction continued at a low rate, even when there was no supply from the incubation medium. Sixty-four per cent of the NO^?₃ influx was turned into organic nitrogen, with the remaining NO^?₃ accumulating in both the light and the dark.     

蟾蜍红细胞与网织红细胞染色质蛋白的比较研究Ⅲ·HMG蛋白质

从亚洲蟾蜍(Bufo bufo asiaticus)与鸡红细胞核内分离纯化了HMG蛋白(Highmobility group proteins),经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定,证明两者的电泳图谱不完全相同,在蟾蜍的红细胞内也能观察到与鸡HMG_(17)相对应位置上的蛋白质区带,但在鸡HMG_(14)相对应的位置上,却能观察到两条显著的蛋白质区带(A及B带)。此外,我们已把蟾蜍成熟红细胞与苯肼诱发后的网织红细胞内的HMG蛋白进行比较,证明两者有显著的差异。网织红细胞内HMG_A和HMG_B蛋白在含量上起了变化,却与成熟的红细胞相反。另外还出现了二条新的蛋白区带(C与D带)。初步的结果暗示了,HMG蛋白类似于非组蛋白、染色质蛋白,在量上的变化将会引起功能上的变化。     

冬虫夏草的寄主昆虫是虫草蝙蝠蛾

冬虫夏草原名夏草冬虫,简称虫草,是我国一味名贵药材。李时珍(1578)的本草纲目中未有记载。据考据此种药材在清朝雍正或乾隆年间才应用(中国药学大辞典,1958)。赵学敏(1756)的本草拾遗和吴遵程(177)的本草从新才把它记载为药材。四川通志、黔囊、文房肆考、柑园小识等书中早已提到,足见在民间府用已久。1723 年曾有法国人把标     

信号分子在生物脱氮中的作用及检测方法

生物脱氮是由微生物主导的地球氮循环中的重要环节之一,主要包括硝化、反硝化和厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox)等过程。在微生物联合作用下,污水中的有机氮及氨氮经一系列作用转化为氮气,这种经济高效、环境友好的处理工艺在世界范围内得到广泛应用。群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)以信号分子为媒介通过改变菌群密度和周围环境变化来调节微生物的各种行为。大量的研究已证实调控QS信号分子在生物脱氮中具有应用潜力。本文介绍了各种信号分子类型,从基因组学、实际应用等方面综述了各类信号分子以及检测方法,同时针对酰基高丝氨酸内酯(acyl homoserine lactones,AHLs)类信号分子在生物脱氮中的作用进行详细介绍。然而不足之处在于信号分子研究只是停留在实验室阶段,仅仅研究了单一信号分子对生物脱氮的影响。未来可将信号分子应用于实际污水,研究多种信号分子共同作用以及多种微生物之间的QS现象。     

中国网蛾科记略

网娥科Thyrididac是小至中形蛾类,其分类地位不很肯定,有人认为介于钩翅蛾科与螟蛾科之间,并认为是蝴蝶类的祖先。从其幼虫与成虫的生活习性,实似螟蛾。绝大部分产于热带和亚热带地区,例如印度有200种以上,南美也与此数相仿,但在欧洲只1种,亚洲北部才3—4种,北美亦如此。个体数往往很少,且生性警惕,往往不易采到,所以标本馆往往储量不多。有些种在白天飞翔,有些种则在夜间趋灯。Thyris属幼虫青绿色,用植物作袋蔽体,有蝽臭味,成虫喜在日光中飞翔,常在伞形花科及山萝卜属花上栖息。 此科曾名窗蛾科,因翅上偶有透明斑,但不普遍,而网状纹则普遍皆是,一望而知,容易认识。     

昆虫卵的孵化及破卵器

昆虫的发育,从卵受精到胚胎发育,这是一个过程。一旦胚胎发育完成以后,就必须破卵而出,进行其胚后发育过程,由幼期发育成长,进而至成虫羽化。胚胎发育是一个依靠母体留给营养,在卵内发育的阶段;胚后发育则是在自然环境中自行取食、获得营养成分,适应环境条件的独立生活阶段。这两个截然不同的发育阶段,在昆虫生活中是一个很大的转折。从胚胎发育阶段,转化为胚后发育阶段,其分界线就是孵化。所以孵化是昆虫一生中很重要的一步。刚刚完成胚胎发育的幼期,其体力自然十分纤弱,如何能破卵而出?在其生理上和行为上必须具备一定的适应条件,否则就会夭折。     

Depolymerization of cortical microtubules is not a primary cause of chilling injury in corn (Zea mays L. cv Black Mexican Sweet) suspension culture cells

Cold-induced depolymerization of cortical microtubules were examined in suspension culture cells of corn (Zea mays L. cv Black Mexican Sweet) at various stages of chilling. In an attempt to determine whether microtubule depolymerization contributes to chilling injury, experiments were carried out with and without abscisic acid (ABA) pretreatment, since ABA reduces the severity of chilling injury in these cells. Microtubule depolymerization was detectable after 1 h at 4°C and became more extensive as the chilling was prolonged. There was little chilling injury after 1 d at 4°C in either ABA-treated or non-ABA-treated cells. After 3 d at 4°C, there was about 26% injury for ABA-treated and 40% injury for non-ABA-treated cells, as evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride reduction and by regrowth. After 1d at 4°C, less than 10% of cells retained full arrays of microtubules in both ABA-treated and non-ABA-treated cells, the remainder having either partial arrays or no microtubules. After 3d at 4°C, about 90% of cells showed complete or almost complete depolymerization of microtubules in both ABA-treated and non-ABA-treated cells. ABA did not stabilize the cortical microtubules against cold-induced depolymerization. In about 66% of ABA-treated cells and 57% of non-ABA-treated cells that had been held at 4°C for 3d, repolymerization of cortical microtubules occurred after 3h at 28°C. These results argue against the hypothesis that depolymerization of cortical microtubules is a primary cause of chilling injury.     

Ca~(2 )对叶绿体中超氧物自由基产生以及由ACC形成乙烯的影响

高浓度Ca~(2 )(0.1 mol/L)使叶绿体产生O_2~ 的能力下降,旋转相关时间(τ_c)增大34.3％,即膜的流动性降低,并抑制ACC形成乙烯;衰老时细胞内的Ca~(2 )作用却与此相反;O_2~ 的生成与乙烯的产量成正相关(r=0.941)。EGTA,吩噻嗪和W_7等加入到叶绿体反应体系中,可使O_2~ 的产量下降,ACC形成乙烯减少;相反,亚油酸作为Ca~(2 )载体,却使之明显升高,但亚油酸本身产生乙烯的量比ACC少得多。因此推测:高浓度Ca~(2 )可能影响叶绿体膜的状态,从而影响EFE的构象或者减少O_2~ 的生成,抑制ACC的转化,衰老时细胞内的Ca~(2 )可启动钙信使系统,使O_2~ 的产量升高,而其中膜脂过氧化是衰老的中心环节,因此O_2~ 的升高可能是诱发衰老启动的重要因素。