内蒙古部分地区骆驼和羊寄生蜱虫病毒组学分析

为了解内蒙古地区蜱虫病毒组学的本底数据,采用病毒宏基因组学方法对在内蒙古阿拉善盟左旗、右旗和四子王旗地区3个采样点采集骆驼和羊体表寄生的1789只蜱虫样品进行病毒宏基因组学分析,并对特定病毒进行巢式PCR扩增和测序,通过Clustal W和MEGA7.0等生物信息学软件对获得的病毒基因序列进行遗传进化分析.数据显示,蜱虫样品携带包括植物、脊椎动物和非脊椎动物等来源的17个病毒科和一些未分类的病毒;其中,2株弹状病毒具有丰富的遗传多样性,与新疆地区和长江地区的弹状病毒的同源性达到98.5％和96.26％,提示蜱虫弹状病毒可能是通过羊和骆驼等动物贸易导致了新疆和内蒙古地区,以及内地的跨区域传播;细小病毒仅在羊来源的蜱虫中检测到,与中国河北地区的山羊血清中的细小病毒形成同一进化分支,我们推测蜱虫细小病毒在国内不同地区间可跨区域传播,在进化分析过程中,发现这种病毒与多种的细小病毒的同源性都不低于50％,提示细小病毒可能具有遗传稳定性;Tamdy病毒与来自阿塞拜疆、乌兹别克斯坦和美国的Tamdy病毒均具有极高的同源性,结果显示该病毒在内蒙古地区已经出现,并存在潜在流行的可能,有必要对Tamdy病毒进行进一步的监测;在本研究中,我们鉴定的白蛉病毒与来自新疆的亚洲璃眼蜱所携带的博乐蜱虱病毒形成同一个进化分支,与新型布尼亚病毒和Heartland virus病毒的同源性达到50％以上,该结果提示,我们发现的蜱虫白蛉病毒可能具有潜在的致病性,需要对其流行情况和致病性进行监测和研究.本研究为完善内蒙古部分地区蜱虫病毒的多样性和本底情况提供了重要的基础数据.     

Simulation methods with extended stability for stiff biochemical Kinetics

Background  

With increasing computer power, simulating the dynamics of complex systems in chemistry and biology is becoming increasingly routine. The modelling of individual reactions in (bio)chemical systems involves a large number of random events that can be simulated by the stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA). The key quantity is the step size, or waiting time, τ, whose value inversely depends on the size of the propensities of the different channel reactions and which needs to be re-evaluated after every firing event. Such a discrete event simulation may be extremely expensive, in particular for stiff systems where τ can be very short due to the fast kinetics of some of the channel reactions. Several alternative methods have been put forward to increase the integration step size. The so-called τ-leap approach takes a larger step size by allowing all the reactions to fire, from a Poisson or Binomial distribution, within that step. Although the expected value for the different species in the reactive system is maintained with respect to more precise methods, the variance at steady state can suffer from large errors as τ grows.     

Differences between horse selection based on two forms of osteochondrosis in fetlock

Horses lose potential opportunities because of health problems. Available breeding strategies are not effective enough, probably also because of the different definition used and its genetic usefulness. The aim of the study was to compare the genetic background estimated by the genome-wide association study (GWAS) for osteochondrosis using two different scaling osteochondrosis (OC)/healthy and osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)/healthy systems for evaluating the disease status of investigated fetlock joints. Two hundred one Warmblood horses trained for performance tests (87 stallions and 114 mares) were phenotyped and genotyped. Four fetlock x-ray images per horse were collected using the RTG Girth HF 80 and Vet Scan ray 3600. The DNA of each horse was genotyped using the BeadChip 70K. To identify SNPs that significantly affect the probability of osteochondrosis, two different methods were applied: the Cochran-Armitage test based on an additive mode of inheritance and logistic regression. The genetic background for osteochondrosis, expressed in the number of SNPs found with significant associations with osteochondrosis, was higher by evaluation in the scale of OCD/healthy horses (16 SNPs on several chromosomes mainly on the ECA1 and ECA10) than OC/healthy (2 SNPs on the ECA15 and one SNP on the ECA10). Detailed definition of osteochondrosis is needed in breeding and in veterinary practice. The genetic background for osteochondrosis and osteochondrosis dissecans seems not the same. Suggestive SNPs could be the candidate markers for osteochondrosis but should be checked on a larger population before usage.     

青海省单蚤属两新种记述(蚤目:角叶蚤科)

在鉴定我囱青海省单蚤属(Monopsyllus Kolenati,1857)的跳蚤标本时,除检出别人已记述过的不等单蚤[Monopsyllus anisus(Rotnschild,1907)],新月单蚤(Monopsyllusscaloni Vovchinskaya,1950)和冯氏单蚤(Monopsyllus fengi Liu,Xie et Wang)(新种,待发表)外,尚发现两个在形态上都接近花鼠单蚤[Monopsyllus indages(Rothschild,1908)]的新种。由于两新种阳茎钩突特别,故分别命名为钩状单蚤Monopsyllus hamutus,新种和文状单蚤Monopsyllus forficus,新种。鉴别这三个蚤种的重要特征如表1所示。     

胆碱能神经对人餐后神经降压素释放的影响

本文比较了6名健康成人进食、餐前肌注阿托品以及单纯咀嚼食物后的血浆神经降压素样免疫活性物质(NTLI)水平的变化,以探讨胆碱能神经对神经降压素释放的影响。用放射免疫测定法分别测定NTLI和胰多肽(PP)的含量,以便同时比较两者释放的状态。6人的基础血浆NTLI和PP的水平平均分别为15.7±2.4和16.6±9 7pmol/L。进食后,血浆NTLI和PP水平均显著增高,并呈双相反应。第一个血浆NTLI高峰平均为60.7±13.2pmol/L,出现于餐后的20min。餐后90min,又出现另一个高峰,其平均水平为58.8±8.2pmol/L。在进食前肌注阿托品1mg,餐后的第一个血浆NTLI高峰消失,而第二个高峰仍存在。单纯咀嚼食物后,血浆PP水平明显增高,而对NTLI的释放无刺激作用。本文结果提示,餐后早期的神经降压素释放的调节是由非迷走胆碱能神经参与的,而后期的释放不受胆碱能神经的影响。     

从二溴百里香醌的抑制效应分析融合膜电子传递的途径

甲基紫精(MV)系统中,在对类囊体膜的光合磷酸化(PSP)活力近于完全抑制的二溴百里香醌(DBMIB)浓度下,由类囊体残缺膜与线粒体嵴膜组成的融合膜PSP活力不仅不被抑制,反而受到不同程度的促进。在铁氰化钾(FeCy)系统中,DBMIB对类囊体膜的PSP活力不能完全抑制,同样浓度的DBMIB对融合膜的PSP活力有抑制效应。检测了不同膜在不同系统中,光下耗氧、放氧、FeCy还原和融合效应的关系等,论证了融合膜中电子传递的途径。     

脑室注射6-羟多巴胺对黄鼠冬眠入眠的影响

采用脑室内注射化学去交感药物6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)的方法,观察了人为地降低脑内去甲肾上腺素(NE)系统活动对达乌尔黄鼠入眠的影响。结果表明:脑室注射100-200μg6-OHDA使脑内NE含量减少50％以上,明显促进黄鼠入眠,平均入眠诱导期比自然冬眠动物明显缩短,整个冬眠季内冬眠时间延长,冬眠黄鼠仍具有正常的入眠觉醒周期。这些结果提示脑内NE系统活动水平降低是触发动物入眠的重要因素之一。     

Fast and easy detection of mouse sex chimeras using electrophoretic polymorphism of phosphoglycerate kinase-1, an X chromosome-linked enzyme

About half of the chimeras produced by aggregation of two mouse embryos are sex chimeras composed of both XX and XY cells. We developed a fast and easy method to identify sex chimeras by using electrophoretic bimorphism of an X-linked enzyme, phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK-1), as a marker. When embryos resulting from the crossing of a Pgk-1b/Pgk-1b female and a Pgk-1a/Y male are aggregated, the genotype of sex chimeras is Pgk-1b/Pgk-1a----Pgk-1b/Y. Most of these were identifiable from the PGK-1 electrophoretic pattern of blood cells (i.e., AB type) and the appearance of genitalia (male type or apparently abnormal). Genotypes of functional sperm in the testes of the male-type sex chimeras were also identifiable from the PGK-1 electrophoretic pattern of progenies. Examination of gonads of the sex chimeras revealed that a considerable proportion was hermaphorditic. With this method, reasonable numbers of male-type sex chimeras and hermaphrodites may be selected and used as material for investigating sexual differentiation.     

Subcellular localization and glycoprotein nature of the invertase from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The subcellular localization of the enzyme invertase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells, both repressed and derepressed for synthesis of the enzyme, was studied. Most of the invertase was found to be located outside the plasma membrane and only a small percentage was found to be associated to membranes. A substantial portion of the external enzyme remained firmly bound to cell-wall material.All of the invertase recovered in soluble form from cellular extracts reacted with concanavalin A and with the lectin from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds, indicating the presence in the enzyme of a carbohydrate moiety which probably contains terminal mannosyl (or structurally related) and galactosyl residues.The possibility of the presence of two different forms of invertase in S. pombe was considered. An intracellular, soluble form of invertase, devoid of carbohydrate, similar to the small invertase of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was not found in S. pombe. However, the Michaelis constant for sucrose of the enzyme present in repressed cells was smaller than that of the invertase synthesized under derepressing conditions, although this difference could also be the result of a different pattern of glycosylation of the invertase synthesized under different growth conditions.