Network-Free Inference of Knockout Effects in Yeast

Perturbation experiments, in which a certain gene is knocked out and the expression levels of other genes are observed, constitute a fundamental step in uncovering the intricate wiring diagrams in the living cell and elucidating the causal roles of genes in signaling and regulation. Here we present a novel framework for analyzing large cohorts of gene knockout experiments and their genome-wide effects on expression levels. We devise clustering-like algorithms that identify groups of genes that behave similarly with respect to the knockout data, and utilize them to predict knockout effects and to annotate physical interactions between proteins as inhibiting or activating. Differing from previous approaches, our prediction approach does not depend on physical network information; the latter is used only for the annotation task. Consequently, it is both more efficient and of wider applicability than previous methods. We evaluate our approach using a large scale collection of gene knockout experiments in yeast, comparing it to the state-of-the-art SPINE algorithm. In cross validation tests, our algorithm exhibits superior prediction accuracy, while at the same time increasing the coverage by over 25-fold. Significant coverage gains are obtained also in the annotation of the physical network.     

The effect of acute and chronic ethanol administration on serum corticosterone concentration in rats

The effect of intraperitoneally (i.p.) and intragastrically (i.g.) administered ethanol solution, and the influence of voluntary ethanol uptake (20% v/v) on adrenocortical activity of adult male rats was studied. Both i.p. and i.g. ethanol administration resulted in a significant activation of adrenocortical mechanisms, while voluntary ethanol uptake failed to induce elevation of serum corticosterone concentration. No difference was found in blood ethanol concentration among these groups. The responsiveness of adrenocortical mechanisms was also tested in rats which were given the free choice between ethanol solution (5% v/v) and tap-water for three weeks. Unavoidable electric foot-shocks, as stressor, resulted in an elevation of serum corticosterone concentration in control animals, but this response was found to be significantly reduced in chronically ethanol drinking rats.     

Morphine induced thyroxine release from rat thyroid gland in vitro

Male rat thyroid glands were incubated for two hours in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with different amounts of morphine and/or naloxone. Five micrograms/ml morphine produced a significant increase in the T4 concentration of incubation medium, and resulted in an accumulation of cAMP in the tissue. Naloxone did not change the T4 release but its incubation with morphine prevented the morphine-induced changes. Similarly, naloxone inhibited the morphine-induced accumulation of cAMP in the thyroid tissue.     

3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoylcytidine 5'-triphosphate. A substrate and photoaffinity label for CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase

A photoreactive, radiolabeled pyrimidine nucleotide, 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoylcytidine 5'-triphosphate was synthesized from benzoylbenzoic acid and radiolabeled CTP. Benzoylbenzoyl-[5-3H]CTP could substitute for CTP, in an enzymatic reaction with N-acetylneuraminic acid catalyzed by Escherichia coli or rat liver CMP-NeuAc synthetase, to yield radiolabeled benzoyl-benzoyl-CMP-NeuAc. E. coli CMP-NeuAc synthetase could be specifically radiolabeled using benzoylbenzoyl-[alpha-32P]CTP as a photoaffinity label. This specific covalent binding occurred using enzyme preparations of different degrees of purity. These results suggest that benzoylbenzoic acid derivatives of pyrimidines should be of general use in the identification and active site mapping of pyrimidine-requiring proteins and enzymes. These include glycosyltransferases, sugar nucleotide synthetases, and transporters, and enzymes participating in the conjugation of bile acids and biosynthesis of nucleic acids and choline nucleotides.     

Phytotoxins from Alternaria helianthi: radicinin,and the structures of deoxyradicinol and radianthin

A novel compound, radianthin, with phytotoxic activity was isolated from liquid cultures of Alternaria helianthi and identified as a pyrone related to radicinin. A second metabolite was identified as radicinin itself while deoxyradicinol is described for the first time as a natural product.     

Genetics of salt tolerance in higher plants: theoretical and practical considerations

Summary An interdisciplinary approach to breeding for stress tolerance in plants has gained considerable recognition in the past few years. Accordingly, this article presents a synthesis of the genetic, physiological, and ecological aspects of salt tolerance in plants. An understanding of these aspects and the interrelationships between them is essential for an efficient breeding program.A significant part of the presentation concentrates on the basic problems associated with the genetics of tolerance to stresses and of quantitative characters in general, since many of the unsolved problems relevant to the genetics of salt tolerance are still general. Significant progress in the breeding of quantitative as well as qualitative traits in multicellular organisms depends on an understanding of the genetic and epigenetic dimensions of gene action. The discussion therefore includes an overview of (1) the limited existing knowledge on the genetic control of salt tolerance and (2) the physiological mechanisms and molecular targets central to the control of salt resistance as expressed by the amount and stability of yield.An additional subject emphasized here concerns the main strategies of adaptation of wild species to their natural habitats. An understanding of them is essential to (1) enable distinction between traits that can increase agricultural yield and traits that are favorable only for survival under natural conditions (such a distinction is essential, especially when wild species are used as a gene source), and (2) predict the best combinations of characters for efficient agricultural production in stressful environments.     

Quantitative determination of Coomassie R bound to proteins in polyacrylamide gel. A facilitated method for multi-spot analysis of electrograms

Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was found to be an efficient solvent for extraction of Coomassie Blue R 250 (Coomassie R) from stained proteins on polyacrylamide gels. Kinetic measurements show that the extraction of the dye from a 2-D gel reached equilibrium in 48 h. Staining of E. coli ribosomal proteins by Coomassie R dissolved in trichloroacetic acid exhibited two types of dye-protein complexes, the majority of them yield a blue-purple colour, while the rest are stained with a light-blue tone and fluorescent appearance as well. The absorbance spectra of the complexes in the gel matrix differ significantly from each other. However, the DMSO-extracted Coomassie show identical absorbance profiles with lambda max at 602 nm, thus the amount of the bound dye can easily be measured spectrophotometrically.     

Influence of menstrual cycle on shivering, skin blood flow, and sweating responses measured at night

In 10 women, external cold and heat exposures were performed both in the middle of luteal phase (L) and in the early follicular phase (F) of the menstrual cycle. Serum progesterone concentrations in L and F averaged 46.0 and 0.9 nmol X l-1, respectively. The experiments took place between 3:00 and 4:30 A.M., when the L-F core temperature difference is maximal. At neutral ambient temperature, esophageal (Tes), tympanic (Tty), rectal (Tre), and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures averaged 0.59 degrees C higher in L than in F. The thresholds for shivering, chest sweating, and cutaneous vasodilation (heat clearance technique) at the thumb and forearm were increased in L by an average of 0.47 degrees C, related to mean body temperature [Tb(es) = 0.87Tes + 0.13 Tsk] and to Tes, Tty, Tre, or Tsk. The above-threshold chest sweat rate and cutaneous heat clearances at the thumb and forearm were also enhanced in L, when related to Tb(es) or time. The metabolic rate, arm blood flow, and heart rate at thermoneutral conditions were increased in L by 5.0%, 1.1 ml X 100 ml-1 X min-1, and 4.6 beats X min-1, respectively. The concomitant increase in threshold temperatures for all autonomic thermoregulatory responses in L supports the concept of a resetting of the set point underlying the basal body temperature elevation in L. The effects of the increased threshold temperatures are counteracted by enhanced heat loss responses.