Complementary Roles of the Hippocampus and the Dorsomedial Striatum during Spatial and Sequence-Based Navigation Behavior

We investigated the neural bases of navigation based on spatial or sequential egocentric representation during the completion of the starmaze, a complex goal-directed navigation task. In this maze, mice had to swim along a path composed of three choice points to find a hidden platform. As reported previously, this task can be solved by using two hippocampal-dependent strategies encoded in parallel i) the allocentric strategy requiring encoding of the contextual information, and ii) the sequential egocentric strategy requiring temporal encoding of a sequence of successive body movements associated to specific choice points. Mice were trained during one day and tested the following day in a single probe trial to reveal which of the two strategies was spontaneously preferred by each animal. Imaging of the activity-dependent gene c-fos revealed that both strategies are supported by an overlapping network involving the dorsal hippocampus, the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and the medial prefrontal cortex. A significant higher activation of the ventral CA1 subregion was observed when mice used the sequential egocentric strategy. To investigate the potential different roles of the dorsal hippocampus and the DMS in both types of navigation, we performed region-specific excitotoxic lesions of each of these two structures. Dorsal hippocampus lesioned mice were unable to optimally learn the sequence but improved their performances by developing a serial strategy instead. DMS lesioned mice were severely impaired, failing to learn the task. Our data support the view that the hippocampus organizes information into a spatio-temporal representation, which can then be used by the DMS to perform goal-directed navigation.     

Multicenter evaluation of the performance and clinical utility in longitudinal monitoring of the Bayer Immuno 1 complexed PSA assay.

We conducted a multicenter evaluation of the analytical and clinical performance of the automated Bayer Immuno 1 complexed PSA (cPSA) assay, and compared assay performance to the Bayer Immuno 1 PSA assay. We sought to determine whether measurements of cPSA could be of clinical utility in the management of patients with prostate cancer. Results of the 10-day imprecision across three evaluation sites produced total CV < 2.50% and an analytical sensitivity of 0.02 microgram/L. There was an increased trend in clinical sensitivity for prostate cancer with increasing stage of disease (71-86%). Clinical specificity for patients with benign urogenital disease was 74.8%, and for other nonprostate diseases ranged from 91.1-100%. Retrospective serial monitoring of 155 patients with prostate cancer demonstrated concordance of cPSA measurements to clinical status for 97% of the patients analyzed. Results from the clinical studies using the Bayer Immuno 1 cPSA assay were comparable to results obtained with the Bayer Immuno 1 PSA assay. The Bayer Immuno 1 cPSA assay demonstrates analytical performance and clinical effectiveness in the management of prostate cancer patients during the course of disease and therapy.     

Deep-sea squat lobster biogeography (Munidopsidae: Leiogalathea) unveils Tethyan vicariance and evolutionary patterns shared by shallow-water relatives

The ecology, abundance and diversity of galatheoid squat lobsters make them an ideal group to study deep-sea diversification processes. Here, we reconstructed the evolutionary and biogeographic history of Leiogalathea, a genus of circum-tropical deep-sea squat lobsters, in order to compare patterns and processes that have affected shallow-water and deep-sea squat lobster species. We first built a multilocus phylogeny and a calibrated species tree with a relaxed clock using StarBEAST2 to reconstruct evolutionary relationships and divergence times among Leiogalathea species. We used BioGeoBEARS and a DEC model, implemented in RevBayes, to reconstruct ancestral distribution ranges and the biogeographic history of the genus. Our results showed that Leiogalathea is monophyletic and comprises four main lineages; morphological homogeneity is common within and between clades, except in one; the reconstructed ancestral range of the genus is in the Atlantic and Indian oceans (Tethys). They also revealed the divergence of the Atlantic species around 25 million years ago (Ma), intense cladogenesis 15–25 Ma and low levels of speciation over the last 5 million years (Myr). The four Leiogalathea lineages showed similar patterns of speciation: allopatric speciation followed by range expansion and subsequent stasis. Leiogalathea started diversifying during the Oligocene, likely in the Tethyan. The Atlantic lineage then split from its Indo-Pacific sister group due to vicariance driven by closure of the Tethys Seaway. The Atlantic lineage is less speciose compared with the Indo-Pacific lineages, with the Tropical Southwestern Pacific being the current centre of diversity. Leiogalathea diversification coincided with cladogenetic peaks in shallow-water genera, indicating that historical biogeographic events similarly shaped the diversification and distribution of both deep-sea and shallow-water squat lobsters.     

Bioremediation of organic waste sites: A critical review of microbiological aspects

An overview is presented of the potential for bioremediation of a range of contaminated sites. Most of the compounds belong to groups that are widespread and are generally persistent or toxic. Although attention has been focused on microbiological aspects of their application, it is pointed out that a successful programme requires integrated input from geologists, engineers, chemists and microbiologists. It is emphasized that a protocol must be available for evaluating the success of the procedures that have been implemented. Attention is directed to critical issues, including partial degradation, formation of metabolites, and recalcitrance of specific components in complex mixtures. An attempt is made to discuss the basic aspects of the biodegradation of components specific to the various sites and to illustrate the outcome of experiments in bioremediation in laboratory-based, pilot-scale or full-scale field operations. Brief discussion is given of some less commonly perceived contaminants that may be present simultaneously.     

Effects of experimental acidification on a lotic macroinvertebrate community

A three month experimental acidification was carried out on lotic bottom communities. Experiments were conducted under semi-natural conditions in plasticized wooden channels. Acidified communities (pH 4.0), with or without added aluminum, were compared with a reference community (pH 6.3–6.9). Added aluminum concentrations were respectively 0.2 and 0.4 mg 1^–1 in experiments performed in 1982 and 1983. Water chemistry and taxonomic composition of the macroinvertebrate communities were monitored. Under acidified conditions, results were similar, with or without added aluminum. Mean abundances of all groups of organisms were lowered. Mayflies nearly completely disappeared from the acidified channels. The only organism not affected by the acidification was Microtendipes sp. Differences in the organism response were observed: Orthocladiinae (Rheocricotopus, Parametriocnemus, Corynoneura, Thienemanniella, Nanocladius, Cricotopus) and Ephemeroptera (Baetis, Habrophlebia, Habrophlebiodes, Paraleptophlebia, Ephemerella), especially early instars, were very sensitive to low pH, Chironomini and Tanypodinae were much less sensitive, while Tanytarsini were intermediate; Oligochaeta and Nematoda were difficult to classify, their response being different from one year to another. Organisms inhabiting the surface of artificial substrates disappeared very rapidly from the system, while those buried inside had a delayed reaction to acidification. Aluminum which was mainly in the monomeric form was not responsible for community modifications. Direct action of hydrogen ions through a physiological stress seems a more credible explanation. These results, induced by a continuous experimental acidification, suggest that if this small headwater stream undergoes acidification, the resulting invertebrate community will be very simplified, with only resistant species able to cope with the acid conditions.     

Linkage Disequilibrium between Allozymes in Natural Populations of Lodgepole Pine

Pairwise linkage disequilibrium values (D) were estimated for 14 allozyme loci in two natural populations of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia). Maternal multilocus genotypes were inferred from samples of (haploid) megagametophytic seed-endosperms. Coupling/repulsion double heterozygotes were distinguished for closely linked pairs of loci. Assays of seven of the loci in seed embryos allowed estimates of D for these loci in the outcross pollen pool (estimates of outcrossing rates indicate no significant departures from random mating in either population). No disequilibrium was observed between unlinked loci in either maternal genotypes or outcross pollen. However, significant disequilibrium was observed within and between gametes for some allelic combinations of four tightly linked loci; the assumption of random association of gamete types within individuals is thus invalid for some loci in lodgepole pine. Possible causes of the observed D were examined using the noncentrality parameter of the general noncentral chi square distribution. We concluded, from estimates of population size, linkage and measurements of population substructure, that neither drift nor population subdivision was responsible for the significant values of D which were observed and that epistatic selection was the most likely cause of the disequilibrium observed.     

Allelic and Genotypic Composition of Ancestral Spanish and Colonial Californian Gene Pools of Avena Barbata: Evolutionary Implications

Spanish explorers and colonists inadvertently started a massive experiment in evolutionary genetics when they accidentally introduced Avena barbata to California from Spain during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Assays of the Spanish and Californian gene pools of this species for 15 loci show that the present day Spanish gene pool, particularly that of Southwestern Spain, is identical or virtually identical to that of California for five loci and closely similar for nine loci. Despite their similar allelic and single-locus genotypic compositions, the present-day Spanish and Californian gene pools are differently structured on a multilocus genetic basis. Evolutionary implications of these results are discussed.     

Aldosterone nuclear receptors in kidneys of chick embryo

We have studied the properties of the nuclear receptors for aldosterone in kidneys of chick embryo. Aliquots of 0.4 M KCl nuclear extracts were incubated with [3H]aldosterone with or without 1 microM RU28362, a potent glucocorticoid analog. Scatchard analyses of binding data revealed two classes of binding sites with Ka of 0.26 and 0.03 X 10(9) M-1 and Nmax of 330 fmol and 620 fmol/mg DNA respectively. In presence of RU28362, however, we observed only a single class of binding sites with a Ka of 1.02 X 10(8) M-1 and a Nmax of 90 fmol/mg DNA. Competition studies performed in presence of RU28362 showed that aldosterone was the more effective competitor followed by corticosterone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, dexamethasone, cortisol, triamcinolone acetonide and cortisone. The nuclear complexes had a sedimentation coefficient in the area of 8 S which changed to 4-5 S in the presence of 0.4 M KCl. This effect of KCl was prevented by the addition of 10 mM sodium molybdate. Always in the presence of the glucocorticoid analog, by DEAE-c chromatography we observed a major specific aldosterone-binding fraction which was eluted with 0.2 M KCl. This fraction sedimented at 8.4 S in the absence of sodium molybdate and KCl. In the absence of RU28362, DNA-c columns retained only a small portion of the nuclear complexes which were eluted with KCl. These complexes sedimented, on sucrose gradient, at 4.6 and 3.1 S, whereas those which did not bind to DNA-c had a sedimentation coefficient of 8 S. In the presence of RU28362, the majority of bound [3H]aldosterone remained in the column flow-through fraction; when this fraction was further analyzed on DEAE-c, complexes were eluted with 0.2 and 0.3 M KCl. These data indicate that nuclear receptors for aldosterone are present in small number in kidneys of chick embryo and that they are mostly in the 8 S form.     

Effect of epinephrine on neutrophil kinetics in rabbit lungs

The effect of epinephrine on neutrophil (PMN) kinetics in rabbit lungs was evaluated by measuring the retention of radiolabeled PMN's in the lung, the exchange rate between the marginated and circulating pools of PMN's, and the erythrocyte (RBC) transit time. Epinephrine treatment decreased RBC transit times and increased exchange rates in the regions with the shortest transit times but did not change the pulmonary recovery of radiolabeled PMN's. When regions of similar RBC transit time were compared, epinephrine did not affect PMN retention at short transit times but did produce greater retention at long transit times. These data suggest that the major effect of epinephrine was to increase the proportion of the lung having short RBC transit times and fast exchange rates between the marginated and circulating pools. However, this effect did not decrease the overall retention of PMN's most likely because it was balanced by recruitment of additional capillary segments, which increased PMN retention in regions with longer transit times.