全文获取类型
收费全文 | 946篇 |
免费 | 78篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 7篇 |
2021年 | 16篇 |
2020年 | 17篇 |
2019年 | 8篇 |
2018年 | 16篇 |
2017年 | 21篇 |
2016年 | 13篇 |
2015年 | 42篇 |
2014年 | 47篇 |
2013年 | 51篇 |
2012年 | 39篇 |
2011年 | 46篇 |
2010年 | 48篇 |
2009年 | 33篇 |
2008年 | 43篇 |
2007年 | 46篇 |
2006年 | 37篇 |
2005年 | 23篇 |
2004年 | 29篇 |
2003年 | 31篇 |
2002年 | 27篇 |
2001年 | 36篇 |
2000年 | 29篇 |
1999年 | 25篇 |
1998年 | 18篇 |
1997年 | 11篇 |
1996年 | 14篇 |
1995年 | 11篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 26篇 |
1991年 | 12篇 |
1990年 | 14篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 10篇 |
1972年 | 7篇 |
1971年 | 7篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
1969年 | 8篇 |
1968年 | 7篇 |
1966年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有1024条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Hanna ten Brink Renske E. Onstein André M. de Roos 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2020,74(8):1826-1850
Although metamorphosis is widespread in the animal kingdom, several species have evolved life-cycle modifications to avoid complete metamorphosis. Some species, for example, many salamanders and newts, have deleted the adult stage via a process called paedomorphosis. Others, for example, some frog species and marine invertebrates, no longer have a distinct larval stage and reach maturation via direct development. Here we study which ecological conditions can lead to the loss of metamorphosis via the evolution of direct development. To do so, we use size-structured consumer-resource models in conjunction with the adaptive-dynamics approach. In case the larval habitat deteriorates, individuals will produce larger offspring and in concert accelerate metamorphosis. Although this leads to the evolutionary transition from metamorphosis to direct development when the adult habitat is highly favorable, the population will go extinct in case the adult habitat does not provide sufficient food to escape metamorphosis. With a phylogenetic approach we furthermore show that among amphibians the transition of metamorphosis to direct development is indeed, in line with model predictions, conditional on and preceded by the evolution of larger egg sizes. 相似文献
2.
3.
A patent foramen ovale is a common intracardiac finding that is located between the left and right atrium. It can cause right-to-left shunting and has a high prevalence in patients who suffer a cryptogenic stroke. Earlier trials did not show superiority of percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure with standard medical therapy over standard medical therapy alone in the treatment of cryptogenic stroke. Interestingly, several meta-analyses show positive results regarding closure, suggesting underpowering of the individual trials. Recently, two large prospective trials and one long-term follow-up study showed benefit of percutaneous closure over standard medical therapy in treatment of cryptogenic stroke. A larger right-to-left shunt or the presence of an atrial septal aneurysm were predictors for a recurrent event. Therefore, percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure after cryptogenic stroke should be recommended over antiplatelet therapy alone in patients younger than 55 years of age with a high-risk patent foramen ovale. 相似文献
4.
A machine for sawing 80-micrometer slices of carious enamel 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P C Borsboom B H Wolfs H Leydsman N Doorn J J ten Bosch K G Liem 《Stain technology》1987,62(2):119-125
Design and construction of a machine that cuts 80-microns slices of sound and carious dental enamel and other calcified tissues is described. These slices can be used for quantitative microradiographic studies. Preparation takes minutes. Thickness for a given slice is uniform within 2 microns, mean thickness is within 4 microns of the intended value and roughness is about 0.1 micron. Commercial components have been used where possible. Information is provided to permit purchase of the components of the machine and its construction in the average university workshop. 相似文献
5.
Arnold ten Thoren und Hans-Heiner Bergmann 《Journal of Ornithology》1987,128(2):181-207
Zusammenfassung Das Lautrepertoire von sechs handaufgezogenen Graugänsen wurde in individuellen Längsschnitten vom Schlüpfen bis zum Alter von 100 Tagen mit sonagraphischer Methode analysiert. Die Einteilung des Repertoires erfolgte nach drei verschiedenen Kriterien: Klang, Sonagramm und Kontext. Im jugendlichen Repertoire ließen sich 4 Rufklassen voneinander trennen. Im Laufe der Jugendentwicklung veränderten sich vor allem die phonetischen Parameter der Rufe, während die syntaktischen weitgehend konstant blieben. Nach einem Anstieg in der ersten Woche fiel die Tonhöhe der Rufe bei allen untersuchten Individuen und Rufklassen gleichmäßig ab. Der Stimmbruch, meßbar an der Zunahme geräuschhafter Komponenten, war ein kontinuierlicher, langfristiger Prozeß. Die Individualität war nicht in einem einzelnen, wohl aber in der Kombination mehrerer Merkmale faßbar. Die Geschlechter waren schon früh an Unterschieden in der Tonhöhe erkennbar. An sonstigen ontogenetischen Veränderungen innerhalb des Untersuchungszeitraumes konnten die Erweiterung des Repertories durch Aufspaltung und Reifung sowie ein möglicher Verlust von Rufklassen beobachtet werden.
Herrn Dr. Hans Löhrl zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet 相似文献
Juvenile development of vocalizations in Greylag Geese (Anser anser)
Summary The juvenile vocal development of six Greylag Geese from hatching up to the age of 100 days was analysed by using sonagraphic methods. The calls were classified by means of the acoustic phenomenon, sonagrams, and context criteria. The juvenile repertoire included four main call types. During ontogeny, changes of call parameters mainly referred to phonetic characteristics, whereas syntactic parameters remained more or less constant. The frequency pitch of calls changed to higher levels during the first week of development while in older goslings this parameter decreased constantly. This held true for each individual and call type. Breaking of the voice, defined as an increment of noisy parts in the vocalizations, is described as a continuous long term process. Structural individuality of calls apparently was not based on one single parameter, but on the combination of several ones. Sex differences were found in the pitch of vocalizations, correlating with different body weights of male and female geese. Additional developmental processes of the vocal repertoire included differentiation, maturation of new call types, and apparent suppression of juvenile ones. The functional organization of the juvenile call system in Greylags is discussed.
Herrn Dr. Hans Löhrl zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet 相似文献
6.
Cytokinetic analysis of lung cancer by bromodeoxyuridine labeling of cytology specimens 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recent flow cytometric (FCM) studies have indicated the prognostic value of S-phase cells (SPF) in lung cancer. More refined cytokinetic analysis can be obtained by dual-parameter FCM, labeling S-phase cells with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), which can be detected using a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to BrdUrd. Tumor cells obtained through bronchoscopic brush were incubated for 1 hr in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% fetal calf serum and 10 microM BrdUrd. After fixation in ethanol, pepsin treatment, and DNA denaturation, the nuclei were stained with anti-BrdUrd MoAb and propidium iodide. From 14 of 20 patients, sufficient material was obtained (three adenocarcinoma and seven squamous cell, one giant cell, and three small cell carcinoma). The measured SPF ranged from 5.2% to 26%. The labeling index (LI), calculated as the ratio of the number of BrdUrd-labeled cells to the total number of aneuploid cells, or diploid cells in the case of a diploid tumor, ranged from 1.2% to 16.7%; LI and SPF correlated significantly (r = 0.69). In this study, we have demonstrated the feasibility of determining the actively DNA-synthesizing cells on brush material from lung cancer cells. In addition, some extra information can be obtained about the SPF population, including the fraction of unlabeled SPF, which could be of prognostic significance. 相似文献
7.
8.
J H de Lange N W Schipper G J Schuurhuis T K ten Kate T H van Heijningen H M Pinedo J Lankelma J P Baak 《Cytometry》1992,13(6):571-576
Changes in intracellular drug localization accompany doxorubicin resistance in multidrug resistant tumor cells. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to quantify these changes and so detect different levels of resistance. Tumor cells were incubated with the fluorescent anthracycline doxorubicin (excitation at 480 nm; emission maximum at 560-590 nm) and were quantified using laser scanning microscopy. The fluorescent mode was used to record the intracellular drug distribution, whereas the absorption mode was used to define the nuclear and cytoplasmic boundaries. The cell compartments were delineated interactively on an image processing system and the ratio nuclear fluorescence/cytoplasmic fluorescence (N/C ratio) was determined. N/C ratios were: 1.8 in the Chinese hamster ovarian cell line AUXB1 and 0.1 in its MDR subline CHRC5; 3.8 in the human squamous lung cancer cell line SW-1573 and 1.8 and 0.4 in its MDR sublines SW-1573/2R120 and SW-1573/2R160, respectively; and 3.6 in the human myeloma cell line 8226/S and 2.1 and 1.0 in its MDR sublines 8226/Dox4 and 8226/Dox40, respectively. The doxorubicin distribution was independent of the doxorubicin concentration within a range from 1-32 microM. Furthermore, the progressive mean of the nuclear/cytoplasmic doxorubicin fluorescence ratio showed that a minimal sample size of 30 cells is necessary for reliable results. The results of two independent assessments showed a high reproducibility (r = 0.97). Thus, with the method described in this paper, it is possible to detect relatively low levels of doxorubicin resistance (factor 8). 相似文献
9.
10.
J S Lolkema R H ten Hoeve-Duurkens G T Robillard 《European journal of biochemistry》1986,161(1):211-215
The distribution of the fructose carrier over the membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides was studied in cells grown under light saturation and light limitation. Three types of membranes were isolated after disruption of the cells in a French press. All three types were present in the cells grown either under the high or low light intensity, but they were present in different quantities. The cytoplasmic membrane could be separated from the photosynthetic membranes by Sephacryl S-1000 chromatography. The cytoplasmic membrane has the highest specific density and fructose carrier content and does not contain the light-harvesting pigments. The photosynthetic membranes could be resolved into two types by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Type A predominates when cells are grown under light saturation, whereas type B, the chromatophores, is synthesized abundantly under light limitation. The properties of type A are in between the properties of the cytoplasmic membrane and the chromatophores. It has a slightly lower specific density and contains four times less fructose carrier than the cytoplasmic membrane, but contains half of the light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll of the chromatophore membrane. The fructose carrier content in the type B membranes, the chromatophores, is very low. 相似文献