Analyse der Spinnbewegungen der Larve von Formica pratensis Retz. (Form. Hym. Ins.)

Die während des Einspinnvorganges ablaufenden Verhaltensweisen werden bei Formica pratensis Retz. genau untersucht und mit anderen Ameisenarten verglichen.

• 1 Die Larve führt vor der Sekretabgabe Suchbewegungen aus, wodurch die Pflegerinnen veranlaßt werden, sie in vorher zusammengetragenes, feines Nestmaterial zu legen. Hier läßt sie eine Mulde entstehen, die ihr die Orientierung beim Kokonbau erleichtert.
• 2 Zum Kokonbau ist Nestmaterial unbedingt erforderlich; Licht als nestfremder Faktor verhindert die Gespinstanfertigung nicht.
• 3 Beim Kokonbau lassen sich drei Phasen unterscheiden: a) Anlage des Gerüstes durch Verbindung einzelner Nestpartikel zu einem strumpfförmigen Gebilde; b) Anfertigung des Außenkokons durch Abdichten der im Gerüst vorhandenen Poren; c) Bau des Innenkokons durch Spinnen von Achtertouren, wobei zunächst ein Kokonpol mit der dazugehörigen Kokonhälfte angefertigt wird und erst nach Drehung urn die Querachse der andere Pol.
• 4 Drehbewegungen um Quer- und Längsachse kommen in alien Phasen des Kokonbaues vor.
• 5 Die Achtertour wird regelmäßig durch eine Absteifbewegung, die der Formung des Kokons dient, unterbrochen.
• 6 Das plastische Verhalten der Larven beim Kokonbau wird aufgezeigt. Die Verhaltensweisen werden anhand eines Reiz-Wirkungsschemas diskutiert.

     

First case of parthenogenesis in ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) suggests new mechanisms for the evolution of asexual reproduction

Parthenogenesis, the development of unfertilized eggs resulting in the exclusive production of female offspring, is rare in animals relative to sexual reproduction and is mainly reported in invertebrates. It has been hypothesized that polyploidy, hybridization and endosymbiont infections are its major causal events but the mechanisms triggering asexual reproduction remain unclear. Here, we study the proximate causes at the origin of parthenogenesis in the first reported case of asexuality in the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). The asexual populations were found in the Azores and the Mascarene archipelagos, and were identified as Nephus voeltzkowi Weise, a bisexual species widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. The specimens from both populations are diploid but present different karyotypes and heterozygosities that evoke hybrid origins, commonly associated with parthenogenesis in Coleoptera. However, the close proximity of their genomes (99.8% homology for the complete mitochondrial genome and 99.9% for the complete nuclear ribosomal cluster) together with the congruence between the mtDNA tree and the nuclear tree, and the low heterozygosity levels, suggests that the two populations are not hybrid. We propose that they belong to a single chromosomally polymorphic species undergoing Robertsonian fusions. Furthermore, specimens from both populations are infected with Wolbachia (supergroup B strain), contrary to sympatric bisexual species of the same genus. Although Wolbachia has been shown to induce parthenogenesis in haplodiploid organisms, it has been recently suggested that it could also induce parthenogenesis in hosts with other sex determination systems. Whether chromosome rearrangements and/or Wolbachia infections are post-parthenogenetic events or are at the origin of parthenogenesis still needs to be determined.     

The importance of denitrification for N2O emissions from an N-saturated forest in SW China: results from in situ 15N labeling experiments

Long-term elevated atmogenic deposition (~5 g m^?2 year^?1) of reactive nitrogen (N) causes N saturation in forests of subtropical China which may lead to high nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. Recently, we found high N₂O emission rates (up to 1,730 μg N₂O–N m^?2 h^?1) during summer on well-drained acidic acrisols (pH = 4.0) along a hill slope in the forested Tieshanping catchment, Chongqing, southwest China. Here, we present results from an in situ ¹⁵N–NO₃ ^? labeling experiment to assess the contribution of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O emissions in these soils. Two loads of 99 at.% K¹⁵NO₃ (equivalent to 0.2 and 1.0 g N m^?2) were applied as a single dose to replicated plots at two positions along the hill slope (at top and bottom, respectively) during monsoonal summer. During a 6-day period after label application, we found that 71–100 % of the emitted N₂O was derived from the labeled NO₃ ^? pool irrespective of slope position. Based on this, we assume that denitrification is the dominant process of N₂O formation in these forest soils. Within 6 days after label addition, the fraction of the added ¹⁵N–NO₃ ^? emitted as ¹⁵N–N₂O was highest at the low-N addition plots (0.2 g N m^?2), amounting to 1.3 % at the top position of the hill slope and to 3.2 % at the bottom position, respectively. Our data illustrate the large potential of acid forest soils in subtropical China to form N₂O from excess NO₃ ^? most likely through denitrification.     

Bradyrhizobial inoculation and P application effects on haricot and mung beans in the Ethiopian Rift Valley

Plant and Soil - Natural and managed soils have been identified as the largest sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). However, the quantification of N2O emissions from soils under natural...     

Altered signaling and cell cycle regulation in embryonal stem cells with a disruption of the gene for phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit p85alpha

The p85alpha regulatory subunit of class I(A) phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) is derived from the Pik3r1 gene, which also yields alternatively spliced variants p50alpha and p55alpha. It has been proposed that excess monomeric p85 competes with functional PI3K p85-p110 heterodimers. We examined embryonic stem (ES) cells with heterozygous and homozygous disruptions in the Pik3r gene and found that wild type ES cells express virtually no monomeric p85alpha. Although, IGF-1-stimulated PI3K activity associated with insulin receptor substrates was unaltered in all cell lines, p85alpha-null ES cells showed diminished protein kinase B activation despite increased PI3K activity associated with the p85beta subunit. Furthermore, p85alpha-null cells demonstrated growth retardation, increased frequency of apoptosis, and altered cell cycle regulation with a G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest and up-regulation of p27(KIP), whereas signaling through CREB and MAPK was enhanced. These phenotypes were reversed by re-expression of p85alpha via adenoviral gene transfer. Surprisingly, all ES cell lines could be differentiated into adipocytes. In these differentiated ES cells, however, compensatory p85beta signaling was lost in p85alpha-null cells while increased signaling by CREB and MAPK was still observed. Thus, loss of p85alpha in ES cells induced alterations in IGF-1 signaling and regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle but no defects in differentiation. However, differentiated ES cells partially lost their ability for compensatory signaling at the level of PI3K, which may explain some of the defects observed in mice with homozygous deletion of the Pik3r1 gene.     

Both rotor and stator subunits are necessary for efficient binding of F1 to F0 in functionally assembled Escherichia coli ATP synthase

In F1F0-ATP synthase, the subunit b2delta complex comprises the peripheral stator bound to subunit a in F0 and to the alpha3beta3 hexamer of F1. During catalysis, ATP turnover is coupled via an elastic rotary mechanism to proton translocation. Thus, the stator has to withstand the generated rotor torque, which implies tight interactions of the stator and rotor subunits. To quantitatively characterize the contribution of the F0 subunits to the binding of F1 within the assembled holoenzyme, the isolated subunit b dimer, ab2 subcomplex, and fully assembled F0 complex were specifically labeled with tetramethylrhodamine-5-maleimide at bCys64 and functionally reconstituted into liposomes. Proteoliposomes were then titrated with increasing amounts of Cy5-maleimide-labeled F1 (at gammaCys106 and analyzed by single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The data revealed F1 dissociation constants of 2.7 nm for the binding of F0 and 9-10 nm for both the ab2 subcomplex and subunit b dimer. This indicates that both rotor and stator components of F0 contribute to F1 binding affinity in the assembled holoenzyme. The subunit c ring plays a crucial role in the binding of F1 to F0, whereas subunit a does not contribute significantly.     

Bioleaching of Heavy Metal Polluted Sediment: Influence of Temperature and Oxygen (Part 1)

A remediation process for heavy metal polluted sediment has previously been developed in which the heavy metals are removed from the sediment by solid‐bed bioleaching using elemental sulfur (S⁰): the added S⁰ is oxidized by the indigenous microbes to sulfuric acid that dissolves the heavy metals which are finally extracted by percolating water. In this process, the temperature is a factor crucially affecting the rate of S⁰ oxidation and metal solubilization. Here, the effect of temperature on the kinetics of S⁰ oxidation has been studied: oxidized Weiße Elster River sediment (dredged near Leipzig, Germany) was mixed with 2 % S⁰, suspended in water and then leached at various temperatures. The higher the temperature was, the faster the S⁰ oxidized, and the more rapid the pH decreased. But temperatures above 35 °C slowed down S⁰ oxidation, and temperatures above 45 °C let the process – after a short period of acidification to pH 4.5 – stagnate. The latter may be explained by the presence of both neutrophilic to less acidophilic thermotolerant bacteria and acidophilic thermosensitive bacteria. Within 42 days, nearly complete S⁰ oxidation and maximum heavy metal solubilization only occurred at 30 to 45 °C. The measured pH(t) courses were used to model the rate of S⁰ oxidation depending on the temperature using an extended Arrhenius equation. Since molecular oxygen is another factor highly influencing the activity of S⁰‐oxidizing bacteria, the effect of dissolved O₂ (controlled by the O₂ content in the gas supplied) on S⁰ oxidation was studied in suspension: the indigenous S⁰‐oxidizing bacteria reacted quite tolerant to low O₂ concentrations; the rate of S⁰ oxidation – measured as the specific O₂ consumption – was not affected until the O₂ content of the suspension was below 0.05 mg/L, i.e., the S⁰‐oxidizing bacteria showed a high affinity to O₂ with a half‐saturation constant of about 0.01 mg/L. Stoichiometric coefficients describing the relationship between the mass of S⁰, O₂ and CO₂ consumed are scarcely available. The growth of S⁰‐oxidizing, obligate aerobic, autotrophic bacteria was, therefore, stoichiometrically balanced (by using a yield coefficient of Y_X/S = 0.146 g cells/g S⁰, calculated with data from the literature): 24.14 S⁰ + 29.21 O₂ + 27.14 H₂O + 5 CO₂ + NO₃^–→ C₅H₇O₂N + 24.14 SO₄^2– + 47.28 H⁺, which resulted in Y = 1.21 g O₂/g S⁰ and Y = 0.28 g CO₂/g S⁰.