Cobalt blocks the decrease in MEPSP frequency on depolarization in calcium-free hypertonic media

Media made hyperosmotic with sucrose increase the frequency of spontaneously released quanta of transmitter, or miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials (MEPSPs). In calcium-free medium, depolarization with high potassium reduces the MEPSP frequency, presumably due to calcium efflux in the reversed gradient condition. This effect of depolarization is blocked by cobalt, supporting the above interpretation of the effects of hypertonicity and depolarization and suggesting that cobalt can block efflux as well as influx through calcium channels.     

Palatability and digestibility of soya- and milk proteins in Callithricidae

4 protein sources were tested for palatability, digestibility, influence on bodyweight and consistency of faeces in Callithrix jacchus and Saguinus fuscicollis. The protein sources were incorporated at crude protein levels of 12, 17 and 22% in a pelleted diet. A banana supplement was also fed which reduced the total protein content to 10.7, 14.7 and 18.3%. The test diets, fed for 3 weeks, were well accepted with the milk proteins being slightly preferred. Consumption of the 12% protein pellets was greater than their 22% equivalents. True protein digestibility was calculated to be 97% for lactalbumin, 96% for casein, 90% for soy protein concentrate and 83% for soyabean meal. Changes in bodyweight were negligible. Dry matter of faeces varied between 25% (lactalbumin diets) and 28% (casein diets), but did not change with increasing protein intake. Increasing levels of cellulose, from 2.4 to 7.2% total crude fibre lowered the apparent protein digestibility from 84.3 to 79.2% and the digestibility of dry matter from 82.2 to 76.5%.     

Photoperiod influences the annual reproductive cycle of the male pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus)

Adult pallids bats collected in April or May, were maintained in short or long photoperiods (10 or 14 h light/day) for 3-6 months. In August, the short-day bats had regressed testes, epididymal spermatozoa and fully developed accessory sex glands, corresponding to the autumnal reproductive condition of field animals; long-day bats had testes undergoing spermatogenesis, few epididymal spermatozoa and undeveloped accessory sex glands (summer reproductive condition). Bats in each photoperiod manifested the expected autumnal reproductive pattern in October. We suggest that photoperiod influences the reproductive physiology of male pallid bats by affecting an endogenous circannual reproductive rhythm.     

THE INDUCTION OF FLOWERING IN NICOTIANA. II. PHOTOPERIODIC ALTERATION OF THE CHLOROGENIC ACID CONCENTRATION

Chlorogenic acid and its 2 isomers, believed to be the 4– and 5–0-caffeoylquinic acids, have been extracted from leaves of photoperiodic species of Nicotiana, separated by column chromatography (gradient elution) and measured quantitatively during the course of photoperiodic induction. In both N. tabacum cultivar ‘Maryland Mammoth’ (a short-day plant) and N. sylveslris (a long-day plant), the change of the meristem from the vegetative to the flowering shape is preceded by a rise in the chlorogenic acid content of the leaves. During the differentiation of the flower primordia in the shoot apex, there is a drop in the concentration of the chlorogenic acid in the leaves, which is especially marked in the short-day species. The levels of the 2 isomers decrease also at that time. There is no change in the ratios of the 3 caffeoylquinic acids during photoperiodic induction. In both the long- and the short-day species, the 3-isomer (chlorogenic acid) is present at the highest concentration. In the short-day species, there is more of the 4-isomer than of the 5-isomer, whereas in the long-day species, the level of the 5-isomer equals or surpasses that of the 4–0-caffeoylquinic acid.     

Mechanism of the spontaneous transfer of unconjugated bilirubin between small unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles.

Unconjugated bilirubin (bilirubin-IX alpha), the hydrophobic end product of heme degradation, is esterified in the hepatocyte endoplasmic reticulum to water-soluble conjugates prior to excretion in bile. To characterize the process of intracellular bilirubin transport, the kinetic and thermodynamic activation parameters for the spontaneous transfer of bilirubin between small unilamellar egg lecithin vesicles were determined. Bilirubin-IX alpha was added to donor vesicles labeled with the fluorescent phospholipid probe, (5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonyl) dipalmitoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylethanolamine (dansyl-PE). When bound to the donor vesicles, bilirubin quenches the dansyl probe fluorescence through resonance energy transfer. The movement of bilirubin from dansyl-labeled donor vesicles to unlabeled acceptor vesicles was monitored directly by the reemergence of dansyl fluorescence over time. Vesicle fusion and intervesicle transfer of the dansyl-PE probe were excluded by quasielastic light scattering and fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies. Stopped-flow analysis demonstrated that the transfer of bilirubin was described by a single-exponential function with a mean half-time of 2.0 +/- 0.1 ms (+/- SD) at 37 degrees C. The rate of bilirubin transfer was independent of acceptor vesicle concentration and decreased with increasing buffer ionic strength, indicating that intermembrane transfer occurred via aqueous diffusion, rather than vesicle collisions. The free energy of activation (delta G++) for the dissociation of bilirubin from donor vesicles was 14.2 kcal.mol-1. These studies suggest that bilirubin is associated with phospholipid bilayers at the membrane-water interface. We postulate that the movement of unconjugated bilirubin between intracellular membranes occurs via spontaneous transfer through the aqueous phase.     

Vitamin E and fatty acids in the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)

Summary Vitamin E levels in serum, liver and blubber (subcutaneous adipose tissue) were determined for 66 male and female grey seals of varying age in the pupping colony on Sable Island in the Northwest Atlantic by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fatty acid concentrations were determined for all blubber specimens. Adult males and pups had significantly higher levels of vitamin E and cholesterol in serum than females and juveniles. A close relationship between vitamin E and cholesterol in serum could be observed. Suckling pups had significantly higher levels of vitamin E in liver (191 mg·kg^–1) than juveniles and adults (21–41 mg·kg^–1). Levels of vitamin E in blubber showed an age-dependent increase, with the highest levels being found in adult males; overall, these levels were much lower than in man. Vitamin E levels in blubber and liver of lactating females were only half that of adult males. This might be due to an intensive transfer of vitamin E from mother to pup during lactation, a process which may also explain the much higher levels of vitamin E in serum and liver of nursing pups. The low levels of vitamin E in blubber of seals might be a result of its high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (79%). Highest percentage was represented by 18:1, 16:1, 22:6 and 16:0. Pups had lower values of monounsaturated, and a higher percentage of saturated fatty acids compared to mothers.     

Determinants of Dominance in the Tree Lizard Urosaurus ornatus: the Relative Importance of Mass,Previous Experience and Coloration

A determination of some of the factors that predict the outcome of contests between male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus, was made using logistic regression modelling on matched-pair data. Two-day-long encounters were staged between pairs of males differing in size (snout-vent length and mass), previous contest status (previous winners and previous losers), and coloration (dorsal coloration during their previous contest and throat coloration, a fixed trait). Mass proved to be the best single predictor of contest outcome, resulting in an 80% correct classification rate for predicting winners and losers, far better than the less than 57% correct classification rate for snout-vent length. Previous social status (winner or loser) also was a powerful single predictor of contest outcome with a 793% correct classification rate, as was previous dorsal coloration (76.7%). When combined, mass and previous status produced the strongest combination of predictors with a better than 86% correct classification rate. Contrary to several previous studies, which implicated throat coloration as an important status signal of dominance, our results failed to show that throat coloration is a strong predictor of contest outcome. Possible reasons for this discrepancy with earlier findings are discussed. The logistic regression models also allow prediction of the magnitude of difference in mass between two contestants for there to be an equal chance of winning, given a second asymmetry in contest predictors.     

Survey of the howling monkey population at La Pacifica: A seven-year follow-up

We surveyed the howling monkey population at La Pacifica in Costa Rica over a 1-month period in July and August 1991. The survey method consisted of an initial 6-day survey, directly comparable to a 1984 survey, and at least two repeat surveys of all areas to locate all groups and to identify all animals. The initial survey indicated an increase in the number of groups and a decrease in the size of groups from earlier surveys, though the group composition was unchanged. We used the results of initial and repeat surveys to determine population size and composition. We located 30 groups with a total of 370 animals. Twenty-one groups contained animals marked with collars and/or legbands, and four additional groups contained animals with clearly identifiable white markings. Although the population structure has changed over 7 years, it is still within the species-typical range for Alouatta palliata.     

An extensive review on antifungal approaches in the treatment of mucormycosis

During the period of COVID-19, the occurrences of mucormycosis in immunocompromised patients have increased significantly. Mucormycosis (black fungus) is a rare and rapidly progressing fungal infection associated with high mortality and morbidity in India as well as globally. The causative agents for this infection are collectively called mucoromycetes which are the members of the order Mucorales. The diagnosis of the infection needs to be performed as soon as the occurrence of clinical symptoms which differs with types of Mucorales infection. Imaging techniques magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan, culture testing, and microscopy are the approaches for the diagnosis. After the diagnosis of the infection is confirmed, rapid action is needed for the treatment in the form of antifungal therapy or surgery depending upon the severity of the infection. Delaying in treatment declines the chances of survival. In antifungal therapy, there are two approaches first-line therapy (monotherapy) and combination therapy. Amphotericin B ( 1 ) and isavuconazole ( 2 ) are the drugs of choice for first-line therapy in the treatment of mucormycosis. Salvage therapy with posaconazole ( 3 ) and deferasirox ( 4 ) is another approach for patients who are not responsible for any other therapy. Adjunctive therapy is also used in the treatment of mucormycosis along with first-line therapy, which involves hyperbaric oxygen and cytokine therapy. There are some drugs like VT-1161 ( 5 ) and APX001A ( 6 ), Colistin, SCH 42427, and PC1244 that are under clinical trials. Despite all these approaches, none can be 100% successful in giving results. Therefore, new medications with favorable or little side effects are required for the treatment of mucormycosis.